Transcript A substance formed by the chemical joining of two or more

Substance formed by the
chemical joining of 2 or
more elements in definite
amounts
compound
Type of ion that forms
when an atom loses
electrons
positive
In a water molecule, why is
the oxygen atom slightly
negative
Electrons spend
more time with it
A mixture in which
the substances are
evenly spread out
solution
Salt dissolves in
water, what is the
water called
solvent
Any substance with a pH
lower than 7 is
An acid
Any substance with a pH
higher than 7 is
A base
What element can bond
to one another and
form a lot of different
structures
carbon
What is the monomer of
protein
Amino acid
What is the monomer of
starch (carbohydrate)
Simple sugar
(glucose)
Is a protein a monomer or a
polymer
polymer
Enzymes affect the
reactions in living cells
by changing the
_______ of the reaction
speed
What type of cell
encloses DNA in a
nucleus
eukaryotic
Is a bacteria eukaryotic or
prokaryotic
prokaryotic
An organelle called
the nucleus is
surrounded by what
cytoplasm
Microtubles and
microfilaments are
structures involved in
the cells _________
movement
This converts chemical
energy stored in food into
compounds that are more
convenient for the cell to
use
mitochondria
Would you find the
chloroplast in animal
or plant cells
plant
What regulates the
movement of
materials into and out
of the cell
Cell membrane
(plasma membrane)
What occurs because
molecules are constantly
moving and colliding with
each other
diffusion
What means of
particle transport
requires input of
energy from the cell
Active transport
Relatively constant
internal physical
conditions of an
organism
homeostasis
Adenine, ribose, and 3
phosphate groups make up
what molecule
ATP
What happens when
1 phosphate group is
removed from ATP
Energy released
Organisms that make
their own food
autotrophs
Plants gather energy
with light-absorbing
molecules called
pigments
What do plants absorb
in order to get energy
needed for
photosynthesis
sunlight
What happens when
chlorophyll is struck by
sunlight
Electrons get
energized
What is the role of
NADP+
Electron carrier
Photosynthesis uses
sunlight to convert
water and carbon
dioxide into
Oxygen and highenergy sugars (glucose)
What do organisms get
by breaking down food
molecules
Energy (ATP)
Electron transport,
glycolysis, and the krebs
cycle are part of
____________
_____________
Cellular respiration
What is the correct
order of cellular
respiration (3 parts)
Glycolysis, krebs cycle,
electron transport
Cellular respiration
releases energy by
breaking down ______
molecules
food
What are the reactants
for cellular respiration
Glucose and
oxygen
________ increases
faster than a cells
surface area when it
becomes larger
volume
When a cell divides
(mitosis) each daughter
cell receives what from
the parent cell
Exact copy of DNA
What type of
reproduction increases
genetic diversity
Sexual
reproduction
Which is smaller;
double helix or
chromosome
Double helix
What is the middle (where
the sister chromatids come
together) of a
chromosome called
centromere
What form is DNA in
during prophase,
metaphase, and
anaphase
chromosomes
What does coming in
contact with other
cells/objects do to cell
growth
Stop it
Cancer is a disorder in
which some cells have lost
the ability to control their
_______ ________
Growth rate
Cancer cells form
masses of cells called
___________
tumors
What type of cells has
the potential to develop
into other cell types
Stem cells
Cells are specialized
through a process called
_____________
differentiation
What are the different
forms of a gene called
alleles
If a pea plant’s alleles
for height are tt, what is
true of its parents
Both contributed a
recessive allele
Two identical alleles for
a particular trait are said
to be ?
homozygous
Principle that states that
during gamete formation
genes for different traits
separate without influencing
each other’s inheritance
Independent
assortment
One allele for a gene is not
completely dominant over
another allele for that gene
Incomplete
dominance
Pattern of inheritance where
there are 4 different versions
of the gene for coat color
Multiple alleles
This produces 2 diploid
daughter cells
mitosis
This produces 2 haploid
daughter cells and then
continues to meiosis II (results
in 4 haploid cells)
Meiosis I
Variation in human skin color
is an example of what?
Polygenic traits
What process produces
gametes
meiosis
A homologous pair of
chromosomes, each make of
two chromatids
tetrad
What is a good molecule for
storing info because its bases
can be put in any order (like
the alphabet)
DNA
What happens to DNA before
cell division
Replication
(copied)
What do bacteriophages
infect
bacteria
In eukaryotes, where is the
DNA located
In nucleus
DNA replication results in 2
DNA molecules.
1 ____ and 1 ______
New … original
In which cells is the accurate
transmission of information
most important
Sex cells
Deoxyribose + phosphate
group + cytosine = ?
Nucleotide of DNA
(cytosine)
According to base pairing
what is equal to what?
A=?
G=?
T
C
Unlike DNA, RNA
contains
uracil
What type of RNA brings
the information in the
genetic code from the
nucleus to other parts of
the cell
mRNA
During transcription,
RNA is a complimentary
strand to one part of
one strand of ___
DNA
What process uses a
messenger RNA code
to make proteins
translation
Genes contain
instructions for
assembling _____
proteins
A cell reads the
instructions in DNA and
builds a protein based
on those instructions
Gene expression
Where does
transcription take
place
In the nucleus
Where does
translation take place
In the cytoplasm
How do most
mutations effect an
organism
No effect
Human females produce
egg cells that have one
____ chromosome
X
How many
chromosomes are
shown in a normal
human karyotype
46
What type of genes
are located on the X
and Y chromosomes
Sex linked
The failure of
chromosomes to
separate during meiosis
nondisjuncture
No baby has ever
been born without
which chromosome
X
Some gametes may have
an extra copy of some
genes if ___________
occurs during meiosis
nondisjuncture
What project is an
attempt to sequence the
DNA of every human
gene
Human genome
Who figured out and
explain how living things
change over time and
supported his ideas with
evidence
Darwin
Who suggested the
earth was old enough
for evolution to have
occurred
Hutton and Lyell
Who said… traits/body
structures arise as the
actions of organisms by
what they use or fail to
use them
Lamark
Whos idea suggests events
like war, starvation, and
disease could prevent the
endless growth of human
populations
Malthus
What type of selection is
when a farmer breeds only
his or her best livestock
artificial
The ability of an organism
to survive and reproduce
in its specific environment
fitness
What happens to
organisms that have
variations best suited to
environmental conditions
Survive and
reproduce
Similar pattern of
embryological
development in different
but related organisms
Homologous
structures
Sexual reproduction,
lateral gene transfer, and
mutations are all sources
of
Genetic variation
A single gene trait that has
two alleles (D vs r) has
_____ phenotypes
2
Situation in which allele
frequencies in a gene pool
of a population remain
constant
Genetic equilibrium
In genetic drift, the allele
frequencies in a gene pool
change because of ______
chance