Transcript Slide 1
Keywords:, cell membrane ,Chloroplast, Vacuole, Cell wall, Nucleus, Ribosome, mitochondria Plant Cell Animal Cell Yeast Cell Cell wall Bacterial Cell No nucleus Oils and fats Protein COPS Uses of glucose Sperm cell Plant Nutrients N ( as well as respiration) Egg cell Nitrates from the soil- contain nitrogen to make proteins Algae Starch Cellulose Plant Plants and algae do photosynthesis Carbon dioxide + Water organs Glucose + Oxygen Light and chlorophyll are also needed What adaptations do these cells have for their jobs? Root hair cell Red blood cell Used in lungs O2 diffuses into the blood and CO2 diffuses into lungs 3 Limiting factors -light -temperature -CO2 At first as CO2 increases so does photosynthesis but only up to a certain point Here light or temperature is the limiting factor. PLANT TISSUES Waxy epidermal layer is waterproof Palisade layer-cells contain lots of chloroplasts to capture light- most photosynthesis Nerve cell White blood cell Stomata on lower surface to allow gases in/out Mesophyll – middle bit of the leaf where photosynthesis happens Limiting factor, chlorophyll, epidermal, mesophyll, palisade, specialised cell, nitrates, cellulose, starch, diffusion, glucose, algae 1) 2) 3) Uses of Enzymes -Biological washing powders -In baby foods Enzymes –biological catalysts that speed up reactions e.g. respiration in the mitochondria -In slimming foods- fructose is made using isomerases. Fructose is sweeter than glucose so less is needed. Reactions in the cytoplasm A cell nucleus contains 46 (23 pairs) of Chromosomes, which carry genes. Different versions of genes are called alleles. Polydactyly: An inherited disorder where the person has more than the usual number of toes 1) Enzyme and substrate Inheritance- Parents who are both carriers of the Cystic fibrosis allele (c). 2)Substrate binds to active site Parents Cc x Cc 3) Substrate is broken down Gametes C or c x C or c (egg/sperm) C Possible Outcomes C 75% Normal c c CC Cc Cc cc Meiosis – used to make the sex cells (gametes) -the chromosomes are copied -cell divides twice to give four cells 25% sufferers Enzymes and digestion Large molecules are broken down so they can be absorbed. -Amylase breaks down starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine. -Proteases breakdown proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine. -Lipases breakdown fats into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine. Starch Cystic Fibrosis Caused by recessive allele (so two copies of allele are needed). A thick sticky mucus is produced affecting air passages and digestive systems Mitosis-used for normal cell growth 1) Parent cell 2) Chromosomes make identical copies of themselves 3)They line up along the centre 4) They move apart 5)Two daughter cells form each with 46 chromosomes, ie identical to the parent cell - The cells have half the usual number of chromosomes glucose Mendel’s peas 46=chromosomes in normal cell 23=chromosomes in sex cells Fossils: Evidence of past species, some of which are now extinct, or have evolved through natural selection into different species (speciation) Distribution of organismssample with quadrats randomly or on a transect Meiosis, mitosis, gene, chromosome, stem cells, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, monohybrid, polydactyly