Transcript Detail 1
BBI2421
GENERAL WRITING SKILLS
Week 6 & 7
Outlining
Opinion Paragraphs/Essays
Coherence
Unity
Outlining
Why outline?
– to organise your thoughts
– to ensure you don’t leave out anything important
Outlining
Topic Sentence
A. Supporting Sentence 1
1. Detail (example, etc.)
2. Detail
3. Detail
B. Supporting Sentence 2
1. Detail (example, etc.)
2. Detail
3. Detail
Follow this format!
C.
Supporting Sentence 3
1. Detail (example, etc.)
2. Detail
3. Detail
Concluding Sentence
Outlining
Topic Sentence: There are three reasons why Malaysia is one of the best countries in the world.
Supporting Sentence 1: Firstly, Malaysia has an excellent health care system.
Detail 1: Malaysians have easy access to medical services.
Detail 2: This health care system is priced reasonably.
Supporting Sentence 2: Secondly, Malaysia’s education system is of parallel to International
standards.
Detail 1: There are many well-trained teachers and established institutions.
Detail 2: Many Malaysians gain acceptance into the Ivy Leagues.
Supporting Sentence 3: Finally, Malaysia has a stable and consistent economy.
Detail 1: Many global investors are turning to Malaysia for investment.
Detail 2: The living standards of Malaysians have positively increased over the
years.
Concluding Sentence: As a result, Malaysia is a desirable place to live.
Opinion Paragraphs
When do we write an opinion paragraph?
We write an opinion paragraph to say
what we think about a subject.
Opinion Paragraphs
Structure
• In the first sentence, explain the topic statement (or topic)
and give your opinion/s about it.
• In the subsequent sentences, give reasons for your
opinion/s.
• In the concluding sentence, summarise your opinion/s.
Opinion Paragraphs
Content
• Give simple facts and examples to support your ideas.
• As well, give specific reasons to support opinions.
• Do not write about advantages and disadvantages or points
for or against.
Opinion Paragraphs
Useful Language
• Giving an opinion:
– In my opinion,…
– Personally, I think…
– I believe that…
– I feel very strongly that…
– To my mind…
– I (completely) agree
– I disagree with…
– it seems to me that…
Opinion Paragraphs
Useful Language
• Reason and Result:
– This is because…
– As a result, …
– Therefore…
– My main reason is…
– Another reason is…
• Addition:
– What’s more, …
– In addition, …
Opinion Paragraphs
Useful Language
–
–
–
–
–
Furthermore, …
Moreover, …
Too
As well
Also
• Concluding:
– To sum up, …
– To conclude, …
– In conclusion, …
– It is clear that…
Coherence
Coherence is the unifying element in good writing. It refers to the unity
created between the ideas, sentences, paragraphs and sections of a
piece of writing.
Coherence is what gives a piece of writing its flow. It also gives the reader a
sense of what to expect and, therefore, makes the reading easier to
follow as the ideas appear to be presented in a natural, almost
automatic, way.
When writing lacks coherence, the reader is forced to stop and reread.
Occasionally, the reader may just give up out of frustration.
(Taken from http://158.132.164.193/elsc/material/Writing/coherenc.htm)
Coherence
Coherence can be achieved by using:
1. nouns and pronouns consistently.
2. transition signals.
3. logical division of ideas.
Coherence
1. Using nouns and pronouns consistently
• Continue to use the same nouns and pronouns
throughout a paragraph
–
–
if you begin with a plural noun such as students, don’t change
to singular (student)
don’t switch from you to they or he for no reasons
Coherence
2. Using transition signals
• Words and phrases that connect the idea in one sentence
with the idea in another sentence
–
–
–
–
e.g.: first/second, furthermore, on the other hand, for example,
in conclusion
= traffic signals tell you reader when to slow down, turn
around, and stop
makes your paragraph smoother
helps your reader understand your paragraph more easily
Coherence
3. Using logical division of ideas
• a pattern of organization in which you
–
–
divide a topic into points
discuss each point separately
• use logical division to organize many kinds of topics
–
reasons/kinds/types/advantages/disadvantages/qualities
Coherence
3. Using logical division of ideas
• how to?
– begin your paragraph with a topic sentence
– in the supporting sentences, discuss each point one after the
other
– introduce each new point with a signal word or phrase
– support each point with a convincing detail such as an example or
a statistic (numbers – cost, amounts, percentages, etc,.)
– end your paragraph with a concluding sentence
Unity
To write an effective paragraph, you have to:
• stick to one idea from start to finish
• support the topic sentence with supporting sentences that
illustrate, clarify, and/or explain the main idea
• omit irrelevant information
Unity
Which sentence affects the unity of the paragraph?
1
In the night sky, the stars and planets seem to be at the same distance
from the Earth, but that is an illusion. 2 The stars are distant suns in their own
galaxies. 3 Even the nearest star which is called Alpha Centauri is much farther
away than the Sun. 4 The name Alpha Centauri is derived from the Arabic phrase
Rijl Qantūris meaning “Foot of the Centaur”. 5 At such distances, the stars, no
matter what sizes they are, look like point of lights. 6 Nevertheless, there is a great
diversity among stars. 7 Some are much hotter than the Sun while others are
considerably cooler. 8 Some stars are bright enough to be seen with the naked eye
over vast distances while others are barely visible. 9 This depends on whether a
star has a tenth or a hundred times more of the Sun’s contents and also on its
aging process called Stellar aging. 10 This is the process of change in a star brought
about by its aging. 11 It is a very slow process. 12 It takes millions and billions of
years for stars to age. 13As a result, stars appear unchanging.