Transcript ORGANIC MOLECULES

Chemistry of Life
Living things are made of 2
types of molecules.
(Remember a molecule is a group of atoms
bonded together)
 Small
to average molecules like water
(H2O which is the most abundant
molecule in living organisms) or
glucose (C6H12O6)
 Or MACROMOLECULES like proteins
(C50H110O60N25S6 ) or fats (C60H124O6)
Macromolecules
 Giant molecules made of 100’s to
1 000’s of smaller molecules
 An analogy
A word = a molecule
A book = a macromolecule
(because it is made of
1000’s of words)

The small molecules
that make up the
macromolecules are
called MONOMERS

The macromolecules
made up of the
monomers are called
POLYMERS
ORGANIC MOLECULES

Chemicals that contain the element carbon
The Organic Macromolecules
that make up living things
are
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
• Used by living things
–For energy
–To store energy
–To make up cell walls
Carbohydrates are
found in


Sweet foods like table sugar, honey and
fruit
Starchy foods like bread, pasta, and
potatoes
Carbohydrates
Are molecules made of the elements
of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
only in a 1:2:1 ratio.
C6H12O6
(chemical formula for glucose)
Carbohydrate Monomers
The building blocks of larger
carbohydrate molecules
 Monosaccharides
–Mono = one
–Saccharide = sweet
Two Main Types of
Monosaccharides
 Glucose (cells use it for energy
and found in IV bags at
hospitals)
 Fructose (fruit sugar)
Disaccharides (di = 2)
 Carbohydrates made of two
monomer units.
 A common disaccharide is
sucrose, which you call
table sugar.
Polysaccharides
(poly =
many)
 Are larger carbohydrate
molecules made of 3 or more
monomer units
(monosaccharides)
Polysaccharides
 Are found in starchy foods
 Taste plain versus sweet
 Glycogen is a polysaccharide
that is a way your body can
store energy in your liver
 Cellulose is a polysaccharide
found in the cell walls of plant
cells. It is what your paper is
made of.
Lipids
• Used by living things
–For long term energy storage
–Cell membranes (waterproof)
– Insulation
– Some are used to make
hormones
Lipids are found in
• Oil
• Butter
• Animal fat (fat around steak or chicken
skin)
• Waxes
• Steroids (used
to make hormones)
Lipids
Are molecules made of mostly of
carbon and hydrogen with some
oxygen.
Lipid Monomers
• 3 fatty-acids and 1 glycerol
Fatty acid
glycerol
Lipid Polymers
• Lipids
This
whole
thing is
a lipid!
Unsaturated Fats
* Liquid at room temperature
*They are the better fats to eat because they
flow through the blood vessels easier
* Examples are olive oil and soybean oil
Saturated Fats
* Solid at room temperature
*They are the bad fats to eat because they
stick inside the blood vessels
* Examples are butter, bacon grease, and
animal fat
Proteins
• Functions include
–Build muscle
–Build hair, skin and
nails
– Speed up chemical
reactions
Proteins
Are macromolecules made of mostly
of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and
oxygen.
Protein Monomers
• Amino Acids
– There are 20 different amino acids
Protein Polymers
• Proteins!
This
whole
thing is
a
protein!
There’s 1
more slide to
see!!
They are just long chains of amino
acids
Add this info onto your paper!!
Nucleic Acids
•
•
•
•
Examples – DNA, RNA, and ATP
Codes genetic information
Monomer = nucleotides
Polymer = nucleic acids (like DNA)