Transcript Freeman 1e: How we got there

DNA & RNA: Structure and Functions
11.1 – 11.3
Page 280 - 295
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Objective 8.0:12 Questions
Identify the structure and function of DNA, RNA, and protein.
Explaining relationships among DNA, genes, and chromosomes
Listing significant contributions of biotechnology to society, including agricultural and medical practice
Examples:
DNA fingerprinting, insulin, growth hormone
Relating normal patterns of genetic inheritance to genetic variation
Example: crossing over
Relating ways chance, mutagens, and genetic engineering increase diversity/insertion, deletion,
translocation, inversion, recombinant DNA
Relating genetic disorders and disease to patterns of genetic inheritance- ex – hemophilia, sickle cell
anemia, down’s syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease, cystic fibrosis, color blindness, phenylketonuria (PKU)
Rosalind Franklin died of cancer at an early age. Her cancer was probably caused by the X rays she
worked with to create photographs of DNA.
The differences observed between two individuals are 2 million to 10 million nucleotide base pairs out
of 3 billion---only 1 percent of the total DNA.
Childhood cancers are probably caused by exposure in the womb to environmental and industrial
pollutants that have been inhaled by the mother.
In all organisms, the instructions for specifying the characteristics of the organism are carried in DNA, a
nucleic acid formed from subunits of four kinds (A, G, C, and T). The chemical and structural properties
of DNA explain how the genetic information that underlies heredity is both encoded in genes (as a string
of molecular "letters") and replicated (by a tinplating mechanism). Each DNA molecule in a cell forms a
single chromosome. Each chromosome is made of many genes.
Double helix, Nucleotide, DNA, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Replication
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Traits are determined by proteins that are built according to instructions specified in an organism’s DNA. The
instructions are transferred from a gene to an RNA molecule in a process called transcription. Cells then use two
different types of RNA to read the instructions on the RNA molecule and put together the amino acids that make
up the protein in a process called translation. In addition to other functions, proteins can function as enzymes
• RNA, Insertion, Transcription, Deletion. Translation, Translocation, Genetic code , Inversion, Transfer RNA,
Recombinant DNA, Ribosomal RNA , Amino Acid,Uracil, Enzymes
The fact that the human body is formed from cells that contain two copies of each chromosome--and therefore two
copies of each gene--explains many features of human heredity, such as how variations that are hidden in one
generation can be expressed in the next. Crossing-over occurs when portions of a chromatid on one homologous
chromosome are broken and exchanged with the corresponding portions on one of the chromatids of the other
homologous chromosome. This adds more recombination to the independent assortment of chromosomes that
occurs later in meiosis. The number of genetic combinations that can occur among gametes is practically
unlimited.
Crossing over, Chromosome,Gene, Chromatid
Biotechnology has made significant contributions to society, especially in the areas of agriculture and medicine.
The process of manipulating genes for practical purposes is called genetic engineering. Most of the cells in a
human contain two copies of each of 22 different chromosomes. In addition, there is a pair of chromosomes that
determines sex: a female contains two X chromosomes and a male contains one X and one Y chromosome.
Transmission of genetic information to offspring occurs through egg and sperm cells that contain only one
representative from each chromosome pair. An egg and a sperm unite to form a new individual. The fact that the
human body is formed from cells that contain two copies of each chromosome--and therefore two copies of each
gene--explains many features of human heredity, such as how variations that are hidden in one generation can be
expressed in the next.
DNA fingerprinting, cystic fibrosis, Insulin, color blindness, Growth Hormone, phenylketonuria, Hemophilia, TaySachs disease ,sickle cell anemia, Down’s syndrome
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What is DNA?
1. Your skin, muscles, and bones contain
_____________.
2. All actions depend on proteins called
_____________, that speed up reactions.
3. Within _______is the information for life,
containing the instructions to make all the
different proteins an organism needs.
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How can DNA hold all that information?
4. The amazing amounts of information can exist
because of its ___________.
5. DNA is very long made up of repeating sub units
called ____________.
6. A nucleotides is made up of:
7. A sugar
8. A phosphate group
9. A nitrogenous base
10. Adenine (_____)
11. Guanine (_____)
12. Cytosine (_____)
13.Thymine (_____)
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What does the DNA molecule look like?
13. Watson and Crick described the structure as two strands of
nucleotides, a __________________held together by
nitrogenous bases
14. sugar group
15.phosphate group
16. nitrogenous bases
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How can DNA do so much with so little?
17. Made up of _________ nucleotides.
18. The key is the sequence or order of the four
nucleotides.
19. It is the sequence of nucleotides that forms
the genetic information for every organism.
•Adenine (A)
Purines (two rings)
•Guanine (G)
•Cytosine (C)
Pyrimidines (one ring)
•Thymine (T)
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Chapter 711
Replication of DNA
20. DNA is made of two strands of nucleotides joined
together like a zipper at the ____________ ______
21. A) bonds with (T) and (C) bonds with (G) always!
22. Nucleotide
23.
Hydrogen
bonds
24. Deoxyribose
Sugar-phosphate
backbone
Key
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
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Guanine (G)
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Ch 11
Watson & Crick Model
Chapter 11
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Ch 11 How does DNA REPLICATE?
25. The DNA molecule __________and ____________.
26. As the DNA unzips, nucleotides are ________________in
the cell and begin attaching to the unzipped chain.
27.Each new strand formed is a ___________of one of the
original strand. When all the chromosomes are replicated the cell
can divide, passing on the genetic information to the new cell.
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Chapter1111
Ch 11
DNA REPLICATION
28. What is the complementary strand of bases:
TACGTT? ___________________
29. __________ are important in this process of
“unzipping” and “zipping” these strands
30. Because enzymes are involved with this
process, DNA replication, the enzyme designed for
this process is called:
________________________
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Chapter1211
Ch 11.2 FROM DNA TO PROTEIN
31. DNA contains information used to make ___________
32. All this information is based on the sequence of
nucleotides in the DNA molecule.
RNA (three types)
33. DNA gives the instructions to make _____________.
34. ___________ RNA (mRNA) brings the information from
the DNA to the cytoplasm. The _____________ RNA
(rRNA) binds to the mRNA and use the instructions to
assemble the amino acids in the right order.
____________ RNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids to the
ribosomes to be made into proteins.
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Chapter 13
11.2
Ch 11. 2RNA and Protein Synthesis
RNA Structure
35. Genes are coded DNA instructions that control
the production of proteins within the cell.
36. An RNA molecule is a polymer composed of
subunits known as___________.
Steps
37. Copy nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA
38. RNA then carry out the process of making
______________
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Chapter1411
Ch 11.2
RNA Structure
39. long chain nucleotides
40. single strand
41. contains __________ in place of thymine (T)
42. a “disposable copy” of a segment of DNA
43. could be even a “working copy” of a single gene
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Chapter 15
11.2
Ch 11.2
TYPES OF RNA
44. the assembly of ___________ into proteins is
controlled by RNA
45. __________________carries copies of
instructions for assembly of amino acids into
proteins
46. Ribosomes are made of rRNA and protein.
47. ___________________ are responsible for
carrying or transferring Amino Acid molecules to
ribosome.
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Chapter 16
11.2
Ch 11-2
TRANSCRIPTION: Messenger RNA is formed
• RNA molecules are produced by copying part
of the DNA sequence  called
_____________________
• Required enzyme:
______________________
• Uses one strand of DNA as a template
to assemble a strand of RNA
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Chapter
11.`2
TRANSCRIPTION: Messenger RNA is formed
51. Nucleus
Adenine (DNA and RNA)
Cystosine (DNA and RNA)
Guanine(DNA and RNA)
Thymine (DNA only)
Uracil (RNA only)
48. RNA
polymerase
50.
mRNA
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49.
DNA
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What does RNA look like?
52. RNA is a ________ strand
53. Looks like one half of a zipper
54. RNA also has______ nitrogenous bases but
instead of thymine (T), RNA has ________ (U)
that binds with adenine (A).
Transcription
55. ______________RNA has to be made.
56. RNA is made from part of a ______
57. Free RNA nucleotides form a strand by bonding
together
58. RNA strand leaves the __________and enters the
______________.
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Ch 11.2
THE GENETIC CODE
59. Remember? The nucleotide sequence
transcribed from DNA to a strand of mRNA is a
genetic message that has all the information
needed to build a protein. Proteins are made up
of _________ _______.
60. There are _____ different amino acids
61. The “language” of mRNA instructions is
called the _______________.
62.The code is written in 3 letters of these:
________
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Page 292
Chapter 20
11.2
Ch 11.2
The Genetic Code
62. The Genetic code is read 3 letters at a time
63. Each word therefore is 3 bases long
64. Each 3 letter word in mRNA is known as a
__________.
65. A codon consists of _____ consecutive
nucleotides that specify a single amino acid
66. With 4 different bases, there are 64 possible
codons of the genetic code
67. Special codons:
 Start protein synthesis: AUG (methionine)
 Stop (end of polypeptide): UAG, UAA, & ________
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Chapter 21
11.2
Genetic code (20 amino acids)
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Cracking the Code
What is the START CODON?
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What are the
STOP CODONS?
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Ch 11.2
Translation !
From mRNA to protein
68. The _______ moves to the cytoplasm.
69. The _______ attaches itself to the start codon
(AUG) on the mRNA.
70. _______ carrying the amino acid approaches
the ribosome. For every codon on the mRNA there
is an __________ on the tRNA.
71. The ribosome attaches the anticodon to the
codon, the amino acids bond, and the ribosome
slides over.
72. this translation continues until a ______ codon
stops translation.
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Chapter 24
11.2
Section 11.2
A: Transcription from the DNA
in the
nucleus
into mRNA and is
Messenger
RNA
Messenger
transcribed in the nucleus.
released
inRNA
theiscytoplasm
80.Phenylalanine
79. Methionine
73.
tRNA
Nucleus
74.Lysine mRNA
B:Transfer RNA: The mRNA enters
cytoplasm and attaches to ribosome.
Translation
begins at AUG, the start
codon.
78. Ribosome
77. mRNA
76. Start codon
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Each tRNA has an anticodon whose
bases are complementary to a codon on
the mRNA strand. The ribosome
positions the start codon to attract its
anticodon, which is part of the tRNA that
binds methionine. The ribosome also
binds the next codon and its anticodon.
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The Polypeptide “Assembly Line”
The ribosome joins the two amino
acids—methionine and
phenylalanine—and breaks the bond
between methionine and its tRNA. The
tRNA floats away, allowing the
ribosome to bind to another tRNA. The
ribosome moves along the mRNA,
binding new tRNA molecules an amino
acid.
Methionine
Translation (continued)
Amino Acids
Growing polypeptide chain
Ribosome
tRNA
Phenylalanine
Lysine
tRNA
D
mRNA
Completing the Polypeptide
mRNA
Ribosome
C
Translation
direction
The process continues until the
ribosome reaches one of the three stop
codons. The result is a growing
polypeptide chain.
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Ch 11.2
The Central Idea
81. Think of _________ as “Master Plan”, remaining
safely in the nucleus
82. ________as the disposable “blueprints” that travel to
protein building sites, the _______________
Genes and Proteins
83. __________contain only the instructions for assembling
proteins 
84.____________ determine blood type, color eyes,
“everything”, rate and pattern or growth, size and shape
85.__________are key to almost everything that living cells
do!!!!!! This same process occurs in every living thing from the
simplest bacteria to the most complex animals. Hickox: BakerChapter
11.2
Biology 27
DNA
(information storage)
TRANSCRIPTION
mRNA
(information carrier)
TRANSLATION
Proteins
(active cell ACTION!)
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Ch 11.3 Genetic Changes
Gene Mutations
86. Occasionally, there is a change in the DNA sequences.
87.Any changes in sequences are called ___________
88. Mutations can result in:
 Proteins that work
 A new trait
 An offspring that survives better in environment
Mutations from outside the body:
89. ___________: Are what causes mutations,
examples are: X rays, ultraviolet light, and
radioactive substances that can change the chemical
nature of DNA.
90. Sometimes mutagens can cause ___________
by cells dividing too quickly.
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Chapter 29
11.3
Ch 11.3
Mutations
Gene Mutations
91. Most mutations involve just __________ base pair,
CALLED _________ mutations.
92. Generally point mutations change ___________ amino
acid in a protein.
93. When point mutations change a nucleotide, much bigger
results occur.
Example: AAGUUUGGC to AAGUUUAGC
94. Remember: the genetic code is read in groups of
three bases called __________
95. If there is a shift when a single nitrogenous base is
added or deleted from the DNA sequence called
_____________. This results in more harmful result
than a point mutation.
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Chapter 11.3
Ch 11.3
Mutations
Gene Mutations
Proteins can loose its normal function
Example: AATTAGAAATAG to ATTAGAAATAG
out
Chapter 11.3
Results: nearly every amino acid in
the protein will be changed!
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Ch 11.3
Mutations
Chromosomal Mutations or Abnormality
96.A _____________ mutation involves changes in the
number of structure of chromosomes.
97. Translocation: when one chromosome breaks off
and is added to a different chromosome!
97. Deletion
98.Duplication
99.Inversion
100.Translocation
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Chapter 32
11.3
Ch 11.3
Mutations
Gene Mutations
Substitution
Gene mutations results
from changes in a
single gene
Insertion
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Deletion
Chapter 33
11.3