Transcript Keystone_Biology_Sample_Questions_and_Answers

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Prokaryotic cells have no cell organelles; only cytoplasm surrounded by
cell membrane; therefore much less cell volume than eukaryotic cells
There is no nucleus to control cellular activities which limits cell size;
no organelles requires less cell volume
Less cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells; but all cells have
cytoplasm
All cell have cell or plasma membranes.
All cells have genetic information (DNA) in them but
prokaryotic cells have no organized nucleus to contain it.
All cells have ribosomes to make new proteins.
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Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Some have sulfur.
General structure contains an amino group(H2N), a carboxyl group (COOH), a
central carbon and hydrogen group with a variable “R” group.
All proteins contain C, H, O, N. Proteins do not have a specific H:O ratio like
carbs do (H2O), all proteins contain nitrogen; carbs do not.
The “R” group of a protein can be one of 20 different groups of elements, which
makes each amino acid different.
Proteins function as a part of the cellular structure and also play a regulatory role
(as hormones). Proteins, such as enzymes, play a role in chemical reactions.
Carbohydrates supply cells with energy—immediate, short term or longer term
energy sources.
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Light energy is converted to chemical energy
6 CO2 + 6H2O sunchlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Chemical energy in glucose is converted to
chemical energy in ATP
C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
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They both require energy to start the reaction; photosynthesis uses
light energy from the sun, while cellular respiration uses energy from
glucose.
Both involve energy changing from one form to another form;
photosynthesis uses light energy and changes it into chemical energy
in glucose; cellular respiration uses energy in chemical bond of
glucose to change into the chemical bonds of ATP (cellular energy
source)
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The cell uses active transport to transport potassium ions against
the concentration gradient It requires the use of ATP for energy and
a transport protein.
A protein pump pulls ions against the concentration using the cell’s ATP.
Nerve and muscle communication requires that sodium and potassium ions
move against the concentration gradient.
This is similar to facilitated diffusion which uses a carrier protein to help a large
glucose molecule cross the cell membrane BUT in facilitated diffusion the
molecules move with the concentration gradient and active transport move
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against the concentration gradient using cellular energy: ATP.
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Anaphase I
Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes; meiosis II separates chromatids in haploid cells
(diploid  haploid) : mitosis separates sister chromatids in diploid cells (diploid diploid)
Mitosis is used to replace an existing cell and is not inherited or passed on to next
generation. Irregularities such as tumors, cancerous cells, may be produced this way.
Meiosis is used to produce sex cells such as eggs or sperm. In meiosis, the chromosomes
failing to separate will result in too many or too few chromosomes in the offspring
produced. That offspring will have too many or too few chromosomes in every cell of their
body.
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R
Use R = red
Use W = white
W
W
R
RW
RW
RW
RW
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A red parent is RR. A white parent is WW. Since each parent can
only contribute one gene to the offspring, all offspring would get one
red (R) and one white (W) allele and have a genotype of RW. Both
genes are expressed since they are co-dominant and all cattle would
be roan.
Roan cattle have the genotype of RW.
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R
RR
W
RW
W
RW
WW
Offspring produced will be 25 % RR red, 50% RW (roan), and 25% white
(WW)
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Rats and mice have 101 differences in base pairs for the gene and
cows and rats have 136 differences in base pairs; therefore, we
can conclude that mice and rats are more closely related than
rats and cows.
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Due to similarities in their genes, it means that they show a
relationship between the 2 organisms. If they lack any or few
common genes, it means it is less likely that they evolved from or
share a common ancestor. Genetic similarities means there is a
relationship between the 2 organisms.
This means that monkeys are distantly related to mice and rats. It
is more likely that mice and rats are more closely related to one
another, based on the number of base differences.
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The number of predators (wolves) is a limiting factor.
The moose are the food source for the wolves, so when the moose population
increases, you usually see the wolf population increase right after that.
Moose population will drop due to the increase in the wolf population. Also,
the moose population will run out of food supply. Both the moose and wolf
population will show a bell shaped curve with the moose population increasing
before the wolf population. All predator prey interaction curves will always
show the cyclic rise and fall of prey followed by predator.
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