Transcript AnS 536 Module 10 FPTActiveImmunity Emily Davis 2016x

Active Immunity and Failure of Passive
Transfer
AnS 536
Emily Davis
Outline
Review: neonatal immunity, colostrum
importance, IgG, FPT
 Testing colostrum
 Management of colostrum
 Active vs. Passive Immunity

Neonatal Immunity

Human placenta transports IgG from maternal to
fetal circulation
– Babies born with IgG concentration approximately 89%
of adult values

No transport of immunoglobulins across placenta in
farm animals
– Offspring born with essentially no circulating IgG
– Colostrum provides IgG after birth
– Placental type of cows
Colostrum and its Role

First time neonate will receive antibodies from mother
 Stomach is porous at birth to allow absorption
 Absorption at max for first six hours post birth
 Can acquire antibodies for up to 24 hours, but transfer
hindered

Without adequate intake of colostrum, newborn will
have less productive life
 Higher risk of morbidity, mortality, decreased growth
rates and first lactation milk production in dairy calves
(Fidler, et al. 2007)
Colostrum Components

Immune factors
 Immunoglobulins, cytokines, lysozymes, glycoproteins

Growth factors
 IGF-1, IGF-2, epithelial growth factor
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Nutritional components
 Vitamins, minerals, amino acids

Antibodies
 IgG
 IgA
 IgM
Failure of Passive Transfer (FPT)

Low IgG levels greatly increase risk for death
and disease
– 40% of calves classified as FPT (<10 g IgG/L)
– Colostrum-deprived calves 50-74 times more
likely to die before 3 weeks of age
– FPT calves are more than twice as likely to get
sick as non-FPT calves

NAHMS estimates suggest 22% of all calf
deaths could be prevented by better
colostrum management
Failure of Passive Transfer
Low IgG levels in colostrum
 Decreased amount of colostrum
 Timing/route of ingestion
 Maternal vs. pooled vs. replacer

Changing Absorption of IgG

Difructose anhydride III
– Indigestible disaccharide which promotes
absorption of calcium and magnesium in
intestines
– Improves absorption of IgG in newborns
Feed colostrum in one feeding
 Heat treated colostrum

– Decreases microbial count while maintaining IgG
levels
Changing Absorption of IgG

Use of colostrum replacers
– Colostrum replacers (CR) had less transfer of
passive immunity when compared to colostrum
(Fidler, et al. 2011)
– However, the more CR the calves received, the
better the transfer

Feeding sodium bicarbonate
– NaHCO3 can increase IgG concentration up to a
point (Cabral, et al. 2011)
Ig Deficiencies

Hypogammaglobulinemia
– Lack or decrease of one or more types of
antibodies
– Fetuses that don’t receive antibodies through the
placenta fall into this category

IgG deficiencies
– More susceptible to infections such as
pneumonia, bronchitis and others
– Often occurs when there’s also a deficiency in
IgA or IgM
– Cause unknown but has possible genetic ties
Testing Colostrum

Quality
– <20-100mg/mL
– Colostrometer- room temperature

Quantity
– By weight of calf
– 5-6% of body weight per feeding
Timing/Route of Ingestion
Immediately after birth is optimal
 Decreases after 4-6 hours
 Route depends on management

– Bottle vs. Tube vs. Suckling
– Bacteria on or around dam
Efficiency of Ig absorption
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
Time (hours) relative to birth
Management Styles
46% of calves left to suckle on dam did not
drink
 61%, 19%, 10% FPT rates from suckling,
bottle, and tube (Weaver et al 2000)
 Maternal vs pooled
 Dystocia

Replacer vs. Maternal

FPT rates by Smith et. al in 2007
– Maternal 28%
– Replacer 93%

Separate study
– Maternal–5%
– 2 bags CR-95%
– 3 bags CR-76%
Colostrum Management

Pooled (Beam et al 2009)
– FPT rates were 2.2x higher on pooled farms
– Must account for management practices
• Measuring IgG concentrations
• Feed or chill in timely manner
• Proper sanitation of utensils
• Timing of colostrum feeding + route
Longevity of Calves

Overall FPT decreases value
– Decreased weaning weights
– Decreased health (increased cost)
– Decreased performance
– Decreased first lactation yield
– Increase in being culled after 1st lactation
Endogenous IgG Production

IgG, IgM, and IgA concentrations begin to
increase within a few days after birth in
colostrum deprived calves
– In calves- IgM does not begin until 4 days, is not
functional until 8 days after birth
– All reach appreciable levels for neonates by 32
days

Half-life for IgG is antibody dependent
– 23-39 d in foals
– 16-50 d in calves
Active vs. Passive Immunity

Passive
– Direct transfer of antibodies actively formed by another
person or animal
– “Borrowed” immunity
• Transfer of IgG from the mother to fetus across the placenta
during gestation
• Ingestion of colostrum transfers IgA
– Antibodies are usually broken down before one month of
age
• Antibody-synthesizing ability does not develop before one month
of age
Active vs. Passive Immunity

Active
– The production of antibodies as a result of
exposure to an antigen
• Natural exposure
• Artificially acquired
– Vaccines contain modified antigens that initiate an immune
response without causing the disease
– Initial response produces memory T lymphocytes or B
lymphocytes
B Cell Overview
T Cell Overview
Macrophage
Natural Killer Cells
Neutrophil
Cell Mediated Response

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tBOmG
0QMbA
IgG Production by the Calf
(Active Immunity)

Not enough of a response to be effective in
preventing disease
– T- and B-cells less functional for first few months after
birth
– Poor response to vaccinations for first few months

Also need to consider that maternal antibodies
(from colostrum) will inhibit response to calfhood
vaccines
– Maternal antibodies can stay in the calf until around 2
months
– Immune system isn’t matured until at least 5 months
Active Immunity

Increased susceptibility through 40 days of
life
– Decreased phagocytes

Active immunity can take 2-4 weeks to
become present and can keep growing up
until puberty
Vaccines

Limited for calves after birth
– Maternal antibodies still present

Maternal vaccinations pre-partum (Dudek et
al 2014)
– Challenged calves with respiratory infections
– Mothers were vaccinated in one group
– Calves from vaccinated mothers were protected
• Stimulated the immune system- was activated
Vaccines

Maternal vaccinations (Cortese 2009)
– E. Coli, rotavirus, coronavirus
– All showed effective transfer through colostrum
to calf and moderated diarrhea when challenged

Consider with calf vaccinations
– Immune status of calf- colostrum program quality
– Specific antigen
– Presentation of the antigen
Cortese 2009
Questions?
References
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Batista, Camila F., Maiara G. Blagitz, Heloisa G. Bertagnon, Renata C. Gomes, Kamila R. Santos, and Alice M.m.p. Della Libera. "Evolution of
Phagocytic Function in Monocytes and Neutrophils Blood Cells of Healthy Calves." Journal of Dairy Science 98.12 (2015): 8882-888. Web.
Beam, A.l., J.e. Lombard, C.a. Kopral, L.p. Garber, A.l. Winter, J.a. Hicks, and J.l. Schlater. "Prevalence of Failure of Passive Transfer of
Immunity in Newborn Heifer Calves and Associated Management Practices on US Dairy Operations." Journal of Dairy Science 92.8 (2009): 3973980. Web
Besser TE, Gay CC, Pritchett L. Comparison of three methods of feeding colostrum to dairy calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991;198:419–422.
Chase, Christopher C.l., David J. Hurley, and Adrian J. Reber. "Neonatal Immune Development in the Calf and Its Impact on Vaccine Response."
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 24.1 (2008): 87-104. Web.
Cortese, Victor S. "Neonatal Immunity." Vet Clin Food Animal 25 (2009): 221-27. Web.
Dudek, Katarzyna, Dariusz Bednarek, Roger D. Ayling, and Ewelina Szacawa. "Stimulation and Analysis of the Immune Response in Calves from
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Filteau V., Bouchard E., Fecteau G., Dutil L., DuTremblay D. “Health Status and Risk Factors Associated with Failure of Passive Transfer of
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Fulton, Robert W., Robert E. Briggs, Mark E. Payton, Anthony W. Confer, Jeremiah T. Saliki, Julia F. Ridpath, Lurinda J. Burge, and Glenn C.
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Smith, G.w., and D.m. Foster. "Short Communication: Absorption of Protein and Immunoglobulin G in Calves Fed a Colostrum Replacer." Journal
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Swan, H., S. Godden, R. Bey, S. Wells, J. Fetrow, and H. Chester-Jones. "Passive Transfer of Immunoglobulin G and Preweaning Health in
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Trotz-Williams, L.a., K.e. Leslie, and A.s. Peregrine. "Passive Immunity in Ontario Dairy Calves and Investigation of Its Association with Calf
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