Transcript CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2

The Chemistry of Life
Products
Reactants
6CO2 + 6H20
carbon dioxide
water
C6H12O6 + 6O2
glucose
oxygen
Compound a substance that is composed of two or more
___________
different elements that are chemically combined in definite
proportions
Reactants
_________ - the elements or compounds that enter
into a chemical reactions (carbon dioxide and water)
Products - the elements or compounds produced by
________
a chemical compounds (glucose and oxygen)
REMEMBER:
ALL the chemical reactions that
happen in cells = METABOLISM
_____________
Chemical reactions can _____
join molecules together.
and
Chemical reactions can break
______ molecules apart.
The atoms of chemical compounds are held together
Chemical_______.
bonds
by interactions are called _______
WATER is important
for all living things
Average person ~~ 60-70% water
Babies ~~ 78%
Human brain ~~ 90%
It is the most important
inorganic compound.
__________
Image from: http://sjr.state.fl.us/programs/outreach/pubs/irl_update/images/water_glass.jpg
WHY Water is important to cells:
DISSOLVE lots of different substances.
1. It can __________
(universal _______)
solvent
HEAT without changing
absorb lots of ______
2. It can _________
temperature very much.(This helps maintain HOMEOSTASIS
_________ )
REACTANT/PRODUCT
3.Water is an important ___________________in
many
CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
Pure water has a pH of 7.
Solution with a pH below 7 is called an _____.
acid
alkaline
base _______.
Solution with a pH above 7 is called a______or
Buffers
• Weak acids or bases that react with
strong acids or bases
• Made by the body
• Prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH
(keep pH neutral)
• Controlling pH is important for
maintaining _________
homeostasis
Weak Acid
copyright cmassengale
The Chemistry of Life
KEY CONCEPTS:
What macromolecules are important to living things?
What are the functions of each group of macromolecules?
http://www.uri.edu/pharmacy/faculty/cho/research.html
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biochemistry_notes_bi_ch3.htm
Phospholipid by RIEDELL
Organic Compounds
• Compounds that contain
CARBON are called organic.
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10
Carbon (C)
• Carbon has 4 electrons in outer
shell.
• Carbon can form covalent bonds
with as many as 4 other atoms
(elements).
• Usually with C, H, O or N.
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11
Macromolecules are large or giant organic
_________________
molecules.
POLYMERIZATION is a
_________________
subunits
reaction in which many small
_____________
similar join to make
that are ________
a bigger molecule
These small units are
MONOMERS
called ______________
Monomers join together to form
_____________
POLYMER
Image by RIedell
MACROMOLECULES (polymers)
important to living things!
1._____________
Carbohydrates
Lipids
2. _____________
(Fats, oils, waxes, steroids)
Proteins
3. _____________
4. _____________
Nucleic acids
CARBOHYDRATES contain Carbon, Hydrogen, &
Oxygen (ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O)
Building
blocks or subunits are called
monosaccharides one sugar
______________-
Example:
GLUCOSE C6H12O6
Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
Monosaccharides can be joined together to
POLYSACCHARIDES made of
make ________________
MANY
SUGAR (glucose) molecules.
___________
Image from: Modern Biology; Pearson Prentice Hall © 2005
WHAT DO
CARBOHYDRATES
DO?
Image from: http://www.sdada.org/Pyramid-Vegetarian-01.jpg
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
burn glucose
Cells _______________
energy
for their ________
needs
Images from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
ANIMAL cells
_______
store glucose
_____________
glycogen
as __________.
Image from: http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
PLANT
________
cells
store glucose
____________
STARCH
as _________
Images from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif
http://oregonstate.edu/instruction/bb450/stryer/ch21/Slide24.jpg
CARBOHYDRATES are STRUCTURAL
PLANTS
_____ also use
glucose to make
CELLULOSE
___________
Cellulose makes
STURDY
plants _______
Images from:
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif
http://www.kalyx.com/store/images/ApiumGraveolens9.jpg
CARBOHYDRATES HELP
with CELL IDENTIFICATION
GLYCOPROTEINS
_____________
(proteins with
_____
sugars attached)
on the surface of
cells help cells
_____________
recognize “self”
Image from:
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm
GLYCOPROTEINS
are important for:
BLOOD
TYPES
ORGAN
REJECTION
Images from:http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00737/bloodgp.jpg
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/organ-transplant-ch.jpg
http://www.imac.auckland.ac.nz/vaccines/vacc_graph.htm
RECOGNIZING
GERMS
Indicator – chemicals or tools that indicate a substance
is presence by changing color
Test of Carbohydrates
Simple Sugar or Monosaccharide (glucose)
Indicator – Benedict’s Solution (Light blue)
If a simple sugar is presence the sample will turn
from a light blue to orange-red or brown.
The test tube must be
heated.
Test of Carbohydrates
Starch or Polysaccharides
Indicator – Iodine (tan)
If starch is presence the sample will turn from a tan
to black.
MACROMOLECULES
important to living things!
1._____________
Carbohydrates
2. _____________
Lipids
3._____________
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
4. _____________
Lipids are made mainly from
__________
and ___________
Carbon
Hydrogen
few oxygen atoms)
(very ___________
Images:
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCHEM2.html
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm
Lipids
• General term for compounds which are
not soluble in water.
• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic
solvents.
• nonpolar
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Lipids
composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
Looks like the letter “E”
H
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
fatty acids
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
H
glycerol
copyright cmassengale
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Fatty Acids
There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see
these on food labels:
1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds
(bad)
O
saturated
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds
(good)
O
unsaturated C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
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Examples:
1. Fats
2. Oils
3. Waxes
4. Phospholipids
5. Steroid hormones
6. Triglycerides
WHAT
DO
LIPIDS
DO?
Image from: http://www.umassmed.edu/diabeteshandbook/chap06.htm
LIPIDS
can be used to
_________
store energy
________
long term
Image from: http://blackmovie.us/movie/Fat.Albert/fat.albert.movie.jpg
PHOSPHOLIPIDS & STEROIDS
join with PROTEINS to
_______________________
make cell membranes
More about this in Chapters 7
Image from: http://www.borg.com/~lubehawk/cell.htm#plcell_dia_ques
INSULATE
LIPIDS __________
LIPIDS form
myelin
__________
(insulation
nerve cells)
on ______
http://www.roweindustries.com/braidless-wire.html
http://www.alongnaturestrail.com/the_nervous_system.html
LIPIDS insulate
Help
maintain
__________
body
heat
___________
(helps with
___________)
homeostasis
http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/imagedata/0,1658,5116542,00.jpg
LIPIDS can be _____________
HORMONES
STEROIDS
___________
like
TESTOSTERONE
_____________,
___________,
and
ESTROGEN
PROGESTERONE
_____________are
steroid hormones
involved in _____________
reproduction
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm
Test of Lipids
Indicator – Brown Paper Bag
If a lipid is presence the sample will leave a
translucent spot (see thru it).
MACROMOLECULES
important to living things!
1._____________
Carbohydrates
Lipids
2. _____________
Nucleic acids
3. ____________
Proteins
4.______________
Nucleic
Acids
copyright cmassengale
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nucleotides
________ are the monomers of Nucleic
acids
Nucleic acids
Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNAdouble helix)
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single
strand)
copyright cmassengale
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NUCLEOTIDES
Image by: Riedell
sugar &
Changing the _______
and ____________
nitrogen base produces
___________nucleotide
subunits
different
Arrow: http://www.gifanimations.com/action/ImageDisplay/1/2/11/next
Image by: Riedell
NUCLEOTIDES
2 SUGARS can be used:
DEOXYRIBOSE
____________
DNA
(_____)
Sugars: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg
Arrow: http://www.gifanimations.com/action/ImageDisplay/1/2/11/next
RIBOSE
________
RNA
(____)
5 NITROGEN BASES
ADENINE
_____________
GUANINE
_____________
CYTOSINE
_____________
THYMINE
_____________
_____________
URACIL
=
=
=
=
=
A
G
C
T (only in DNA)
U (only in RNA)
MAKING
DNA USES:
_____
These
Nitrogen bases:
A, T, C, or G
_____________
NO __________
uracil
Sugars: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg
Image by: Riedell
SUGAR
DEOXYRIBOSE
= _______________
RNA uses”
Making _____
These
Nitrogen bases
A, U, C, or G
_____________
NO __________
thymine
Sugars: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg
Image by: Riedell
SUGAR
RIBOSE
= __________
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA= __________________
______________
DOUBLE
STRANDED
SUBUNITS:
A, T, G, C (No U)
Image from:
http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/picts/dna.jpg
DNA molecule forms a HELIX
or “twisted ladder”
ADENINE bonds THYMINE
__________
_________
with
CYTOSINE
GUANINE
_________ bonds __________
with
Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif
Ribonucleic acid
RNA= _______________
SINGLE
_________STRANDED
Subunits:
A, U, G, C (NO T)
Guanine
Cytosine bonds with _______
Adenine bonds with ________
Uracil
Image from: http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/biology/01.TU.03/illustrations/01.IL.09.gif
WHAT
DO
NUCLEIC
ACIDS
DO?
Image from:
http://www.ohsu.edu/healthyaging/caregiving/images/food_pyramid.gif
ONE SPECIAL KIND of NUCLEOTIDE is
used by cells to
_______________________
Store and transport ENERGY
RIBOSE
ATP
Sugar =_____________
RIBOSE
Nitrogen base =__________
ADENINE
+___
3 PHOSPHATE groups
Image by: Riedell
More about this in Chapters 7, 8, 9,10, and 12
ATP – Cellular Energy
Image from: http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif
DNA
_______
Stores
_________
genetic
__________
information
in cells
More about this in Chapters 7, 10, 11, 12, and 14
Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
RNA
_______________________
CARRIES INFORMATION
__________
from DNA out ________
to cell
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Helps with _________________
More about this in Chapters 7 and 12
MACROMOLECULES
important to living things!
1._____________
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
2. _____________
Lipids
3. _____________
(Fats, oils, waxes, steroids)
Proteins
4._____________
Proteins
copyright cmassengale
58
Proteins
• Proteins are polymers made of monomers
amino acids
called _____________
All proteins are made of __
20 different
amino acids linked in different orders
Copyright Cmassengale
Amino group
Carboxyl
group
R group – different for each amino
acid
The different “R” groups determine the properties of
each amino acid, how they will bond and fold
Because of folding …
Proteins come in many shapes and sizes
The __________
sequence of amino acids
in the protein chain is determined
by the ______________
DNA code
Images from:
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCHEM2.html
WHAT DO
PROTEINS
DO?
Image from: http://www.drpbody.com/images/meatpoultryfish.gif
GLYCOPROTEINS
__________________
proteins )
(SUGARS attached to ________
on the surface
of cells
help cells
recognize “self”
____________
More about this in Chapters 7 and 11
Image from:
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm
GLYCOPROTEINS
are important for:
BLOOD
TYPES
ORGAN
REJECTION
Images from:http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00737/bloodgp.jpg
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/organ-transplant-ch.jpg
http://www.imac.auckland.ac.nz/vaccines/vacc_graph.htm
RECOGNIZING
GERMS
PROTEINS ARE ___________
STRUCTURAL
Proteins
_____
Phospholipids are
and ___________
main components in _____________
cell membranes
_______________
More about this in Chapters 7
Image from: http://www.borg.com/~lubehawk/cell.htm#plcell_dia_ques
GENES
PROTEINS CONTROL
_______________
by _______
turning them ____
ON and ____
OFF
More about this in Chapters 12
http://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/genetics/protsyn/regulation/ionoind.html
Images from: http://www.imac.auckland.ac.nz/vaccines/vacc_graph.htm
PROTEINS ____________
FIGHT GERMS
_____________
ANTIBODIES
are proteins
ANTIBODIES ATTACK & KILL THEM
PROTEINS help in TRANSPORT
_________
Proteins in
cell membranes
________________
molecules
help move
___________
_________
in and out of cells
More about this in Chapters 7 and 11
Image from: http://bio.winona.msus.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/FacDiff.htm
PROTEINS help in Transport
HEMOGLOBIN
_____________
in
red blood cells
____________
carries oxygen
___________
to all ____
body cells
Image from: http://www.cellsalive.com/pics/cover4.gif
More about this in Chapter 11
PROTEINS help with
MOVEMENT
__________________
Images from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Arm_flex_supinate.jpg
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookmito.html
MUSCLES
Body _________,
____________,
and
FLAGELLA
__________________
MITOTIC SPINDLE
are made of
PROTEINS
More about this in Chapters 7 and 10
HORMONES
PROTEINS act as ___________
Eating food puts
GLUCOSE in your
bloodstream
INSULIN
________________
is a protein hormone
that ________________________
controls blood sugar
Image from: http://www.cibike.org/CartoonEating.gif
DIABETES
People with ____________
can’t make _______________
insulin
and their
___________
blood sugar stays
_________
TOO high because cells
can’t store glucose.
___________
Insulin ______
shots can
replace
the missing insulin
Image modified from: http://sonya.lanecurrent.net/Health/Images/meds.gif
Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm
PROTEINS help regulate chemical reactions
ENZYMES
__________
______
help chemical
_____________
reactions happen
faster
More about this in Chapters 7,8,9 and 12
Test of Protein
Indicator – Buiret’s Solution (light blue)
If a protein is presence the sample will turn from a
light blue to purple.
ENZYMES
2-4
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif
Chemical reactions need help to get
started.
Ex: A fire needs a match to get it
started.
http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpg
http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif
IT’S LIKE PUSHING A
SNOWBALL UP A HILL
Once it gets to top . . .
it can roll back all by itself
http://www.gifs.net
______________
Energy required to get a chemical
reaction _______________
STARTED
ACTIVATION ENERGY
= ________________________
ACTIVATION
ENERGY
REACTANTS
PRODUCTS
Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm
CATALYSTS in Living Things
In living systems
PROTEINS that
__________
act as catalysts
________________to
speed up chemical
reactions are called
ENZYMES
= _________
More about this in Chapters 7,8,9 and 12
Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
Enzymes HELP speed up chemical reactions
by decreasing the
________________________to
get a
ACTIVATION ENERGY required
chemical reaction started.
Enzymes
Lower a
Reaction’s
Activation
Energy
(reactant)
enzyme
PROTEINS CAN BE ENZYMES
ENZYME
2
ACTIVE
SITE
3
1
SUBSTRATE
ENZYME-SUBSTRATE
COMPLEX
4
ENZYME
Unchanged
& Reusable
6
5
Image modified from: http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif
Arrow: http://www.gifanimations.com/action/ImageDisplay/1/2/11/next
PRODUCTS
ENZYMES fit like a
lock and key to
only one kind of
substrate.
Enzymes are
unchanged by the
reaction and
reusable
http://www.grand-illusions.com/images/articles/toyshop/trick_lock/mainimage.jpg
FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYME
ACTIVITY
temperature
pH
__________
& ______________
Conditions that are TOO ACIDIC
or TOO HOT cause proteins to
UNWIND or _________
DENATURE
________
http://www.desktopfotos.de/Downloads/melt_cd.jpg
http://www.nealbrownstudio.com/adm/photo/163_nb_fried_egg.jpg
Denaturing _______
changes the _______
shape of the
ACTIVE SITE so enzyme
______________
SUBSTRATE
______________
CAN’T BIND to ____________
_______________
HOMEOSTASIS (keeping pH and
temperature constant) is ______________
IMPORTANT
ENZYME FUNCTION
for maintaining ____________________
Image modified from: http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html
-ASE
Many enzyme NAMES end in _____
and the beginning of the name tells
what it does
DNA Polymerase= “polymerizes”
joins monomers to make DNA
Protease=
breaks down proteins
ATP synthase= synthesizes ATP
product
substrate
Active
site
c1
enzyme
ESC
The end