Transcript Carbon and Carbohydrates PP

Biochemistry:
Carbon & Carbohydrates
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I. ROLE OF CARBON IN
ORGANISMS:
 Organic compounds = compounds that contain
carbon and hydrogen
• Ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
 Inorganic compounds = compounds that DO NOT
contain carbon and hydrogen
• Ex: Vitamins, minerals, water
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I. ROLE OF CARBON IN
ORGANISMS:
 Carbon forms 4 covalent
bonds to become stable
 Can join with other
carbons to form straight
chains, branches, or
rings.
 These structures may
contain multiple carbon
atoms.
• This makes many
compounds possible!
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I. ROLE OF CARBON IN
ORGANISMS:
Methane = the simplest carbon
compound (CH4)
Hydrocarbon = any molecule made
ONLY of hydrogen and carbon atoms!
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I. ROLE OF CARBON IN
ORGANISMS:
• Ex: Methane
• Methane’s
molecular formula
or chemical formula
is CH4.
• Methane’s
structural formula:
oBond are
represented by
lines
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I. ROLE OF CARBON IN
ORGANISMS:
 Isomers =
compounds that
have the same
formula but
different structures
• Ex: Glucose &
Fructose
oFormula =
C6H12O6
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I. ROLE OF CARBON IN
ORGANISMS:
• Molecular chains
can range from 12 carbon atoms to
thousands of
carbon atoms
Crash Course:
Carbon Chemistry
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II. The Digestive System
 The digestive system breaks down organic
compounds into their building blocks
(monomers).
 Body cells take the monomers and put them
together in the form the body can use.
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II. The Digestive System
Macromolecules = extremely large
compounds made of smaller ones
Polymer = large molecule formed when
many smaller molecules (monomers)
bond together, usually in long chains.
• Ex: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
nucleic acids
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II. The Digestive System
MONOMERS
POLYMERS
(building blocks)
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharides
Protein
Amino Acids
Lipid
3 fatty acids & 1 glycerol
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
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WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS BODY CELLS TO MAKE
LARGE COMPOUNDS FROM MONOMERS?
 Dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions = the
removal of –H and –OH (water) from the individual
molecules so that a bond may form between them and
results in a more complex molecule
 This is an anabolic process.
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WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS BODY CELLS TO MAKE
LARGE COMPOUNDS FROM MONOMERS?
• Builds organic molecules
• Creates bonds = stores energy
o Humans – protein production
o Plants – fruit & veggie production
 This is represented by an equation:
• Monomer + Monomer  Polymer + water
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Dehydration Synthesis
• For example:
1. Amino Acid + Amino Acid  Protein +
Water
2. Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide
 Disaccharide + water
3. Fatty Acid + Glycerol  Lipids + water
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WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS BODY CELLS TO MAKE
LARGE COMPOUNDS FROM MONOMERS?
 Hydrolysis = (hydro = water, Lysis = to break)
• The breaking of a large compound (polymer) into
smaller compounds (monomers) through the addition of
–H and –OH (water.)
• This is a catabolic process.
• Breaks organic molecules apart
o Breaks bonds = releases energy
• Occurs during digestion – release energy from food
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WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS BODY CELLS TO MAKE
LARGE COMPOUNDS FROM MONOMERS?
• Hydrolysis is represented by an equation:
Polymer + Water  Monomer + Monomer
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Hydrolysis of Sucrose:
For example:
1.Protein + water  amino acid + amino acid
2.Carbohydrate + water  monosaccharide +
monosaccharide
3.Lipid + water  glycerol +3 fatty acids
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WHAT DO ATHLETES EAT THE DAY
BEFORE A BIG GAME?
Carbohydrates; carb loading works because
carbohydrates are used by the cells to store
and release energy!
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III. Carbohydrates
 Foods: pasta, bread, fruits, veggies
 Compound used for storage and release of energy
 Made of C, H, and O
 Reduced formula: C (H20) * H:O ratio is always 2:1
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III. Carbohydrates
How do you identify a carbohydrate?
• Look at the kinds and number of atoms
• Ratio is 2 hydrogen atoms: 1 oxygen atom
always!
• Rings of C, H, O (# of rings tells type of
carb)
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3 Types of Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides = C6H12O6
• Simple sugar (6 carbons)
• Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose
• Glucose = veggies
• Fructose = fruits
• Galactose = milk sugar
• Only form our body can use for instant
energy
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3 Types of Carbohydrates
2. Disaccharide = C12H22O11
• Double sugar made of 2 simple sugars
(Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide)
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• Combined by dehydration synthesis reaction
• Used for quick energy supply; not instant.
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• Ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose
• Sucrose (table sugar): glucose + fructose  sucrose + H2O
• Lactose (milk sugar): glucose + galactose  lactose + H2O
• Maltose: glucose + glucose  maltose + H2O
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3 Types of Carbohydrates
3. Polysaccharide =
• More than 2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration
synthesis
• Ex:
• Starch (amylose) - plant’s energy storing molecule
Starch
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3 Types of Carbohydrates
• Glycogen- Animal’s
energy storing molecule
o Energy storage form of
glucose
o Found in the liver and
skeletal muscles
o When the body needs
energy between
meals/physical activity,
glycogen is broken
down into glucose
through hydrolysis
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3 Types of Carbohydrates
• Cellulose –Provides structure in plant cell walls
(cannot be digested by human body).
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What happens to
CARBOHYDRATES in the body?
 Broken down by the digestive system via HYDROLYSIS
into monosaccharides which are then absorbed into
the body through the bloodstream, where the body
cells take the monosaccharides and produce energy.
 After the immediate energy requirements of all your
body’s tissues have been met, the excess glucose in
your blood will be converted into a storage form of
carbohydrate called glycogen (found in your liver and
muscle cells).
 If all of your glycogen stores are full and you still have
excess glucose in your bloodstream, the remaining
glucose will be converted into fat.
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IV. Functional Groups
• Functional groups give a molecule distinctive
properties
• Alcohol group: (-OH) allows molecule to be more
soluble in water
Alcohol group
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IV. Functional Groups
• Carboxyl Group: -(COOH) allows molecule to
release H+ ions in water- therefore acidic!
o There is a double bond between carbon and oxygen.
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IV. Functional Groups
• Amino Group: (-NH2) allows molecule to accept
ions from an acid- therefore basic!
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Alcohol group
Carboxyl group
Amino group
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