Transcript I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS

I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS:
 Organic compounds = compounds that
contain carbon
• Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
 Inorganic compounds = compounds that DO
NOT contain carbon
• Ex: Vitamins, minerals, water
I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS:
 Carbon forms 4 covalent
bonds to become stable
 Can join with other carbons
to form straight chains,
branches or rings.
 These structures may contain
multiple carbon atoms
• This makes many compounds
possible!
I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS:
 Methane = the simplest carbon compound
(CH4)
 Hydrocarbon = any molecule made ONLY of
hydrogen and carbon atoms!
• Ex: Methane
• Methane’s molecular or chemical formula is
CH4
• Methane’s structural formula:
oBonds are represented by lines
I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS:
 Isomers = compounds
that have the same
formula but different
structures
• Ex: Glucose &
Fructose
oFormula- C6H12O6
I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS:
 Molecular chains
can range from 1-2
carbon atoms to
thousands of
carbon atoms
II. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
 The digestive system breaks down organic
compounds into their building blocks
 Body cells take the building blocks and put
them together in the form the body can use
II. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
 Macromolecules = extremely large
compounds made of smaller ones.
 Polymer = large molecule formed
when many smaller molecules bond
together, usually in long chains
• Ex: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
nucleic acids
II. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
• Polymers and their building blocks:
1. Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides
2. Protein - Amino acids
3. Lipids - Fatty acids and Glycerol
4. Nucleic Acids - Nucleotides
WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS BODY CELLS TO MAKE
LARGE COMPOUNDS FROM BUILDING BLOCKS?
 Dehydration Synthesis or Condensation =
The removal of –H and –OH (water)from the
individual molecules so that a bond may form
between them and result in a more complex
molecule
 This is represented by an equation:
• Building block + building block ----> compound + water
Dehydration Synthesis:
 For example:
1. Amino Acid + Amino Acid ---> Protein + water
2. Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide--->
Disaccharide + water
3. Fatty Acids + Glycerol ---> Lipids + water
WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TO
BREAKDOWN NUTRIENTS?
• Hydrolysis =(hydro = water, Lysis = to break)
 The breaking of a large compound
(polymer) into smaller compounds (building
blocks) through the addition of -H and –OH
(water).
 This is represented by an equation:
Compound + water ----> building blocks
Hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis:
 For example:
1. Protein + water ----> Amino Acids
2. Carbohydrate + water --->
Monosaccharides
3. Lipid + water --> Fatty Acids + Glycerol
WHAT DO ATHLETES EAT THE DAY
BEFORE A BIG GAME?
 Carbohydrates; carb. loading works
b/c carbohydrates are used by the
cells to store and release energy.
III. CARBOHYDRATES:
 Compounds used for storage and release of
energy
 Made of C, H, O atoms
III. CARBOHYDRATES:
 How do you identify a carbohydrate?
• Look at the number of atoms
 Ratio is 2 Hydrogen atoms : 1 Oxygen atom
3 types of carbohydrates:
1. Monosaccharide = C6H12O6
• Simple sugar (6 carbons)
• Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose
• Only form our body can use for energy
3 types of carbohydrates:
2. Disaccharide = C12H22O11
• Double sugar made of 2 simple sugars
(mono. + mono.)
Lactose
• Combined with a dehydration synthesis
reaction
• Ex: lactose (milk sugar), maltose, sucrose
(table sugar)
3 types of carbohydrates:
3. Polysaccharide =
 More than 2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration
synthesis
 Ex:
• Starch- Plant’s food storage
• Glycogen- Animal’s food storage
• Cellulose- provides structure in plant cell walls (cannot
be digested by human body)

Starch
What happens to CARBOHYDRATES in the
body?
 broken down by the digestive system into
monosaccharides which are then absorbed
into the body through the bloodstream,
where the body cells take the
monosaccharides and produce energy
IV. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS:
Functional groups give a molecule distinctive
properties
• Alcohol Group: (-OH) allows molecule to be
more soluble in water
• Carboxyl Group: (-COOH) allows molecule to
release H ions in water-therefore acidic!
oThere is a double bond between carbon
and oxygen
• Amino Group: (-NH2) allows molecule to accept
ions from acids – therefore basic!
Amino Group
Carboxyl Group