Transcript Deckert - York College of Pennsylvania

The Effects of Whey Protein Supplements on Heart Rate, Body Mass Index, and Muscle Protein Synthesis in 1 month old
male obese and non-obese CD4 Rats
Travis Deckert
Department of Biological Sciences, York College of Pennsylvania
Image from Tamaki et al.1992
Expected Results
1. Measure heart rate at rest and during exercise
between obese and non-obese adolescent CD4 rats
with different supplemented whey protein
2. Determine how whey protein supplements effect Body
Mass Index (BMI) in obese and non-obese CD4 rats
3. Determine which whey protein supplement increases
muscle protein synthesis (MPS)
0 .9
0 .7 5
WPH
W PI
W PC
0 .7 0
H ig h F a t E
WPH
H ig h F a t N E
0 .8
W PI
0 .6 5
W PC
2
BMI
S td E
S td N E
0 .6 0
0 .7
0 .5 5
0 .5 0
0 .6
0
5
10
15
0 .4 5
0
5
tim e (w e e k s )
• An obese rat has a BMI greater than 0.8 and a normal
BMI between 0.45-0.68 (Novelli et al. 2007)
• The metabolic process for skeletal muscle growth is the
balance between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and
muscle protein breakdown (MPB)
• Net Protein Balance (NPB) = MPS – MPB (Hulmi et al.
2010)
•There are 3 categories of whey protein supplements:
whey protein concentrate (WPC), whey protein isolate
(WPI), and whey protein hydrolysate (WPH)
•WPC is composed of 29-89% protein concentration
(g/100g), with the remaining mix being comprised of
carbohydrates and lipids
•WPI is composed of 90% protein concentration with
smaller amounts of carbohydrates and lipids
•WPH is composed of 98% protein concentration with pre
digested di- and tripeptides along with free amino acids
(Manninen, 2009)
•Skeletal muscle hypertrophy has two important
determinants: nutrient availability and physical activity
(Atherton et al. 2010).
•Nutritionally, the skeletal muscle hypertrophy occurs
from the transfer and incorporation of amino acids from
dietary proteins or supplements (Wackerhage et al.
2006).
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p r o g r a m . M a le C D 4 o b e s e r a ts w ill e x e r c is e u s in g th e s q u a t a p p a ra tu s 5 tim e s a w e e k
d o in g 1 2 s e ts o f 1 2 r e p s e a c h . B M I fo r th e r a ts w ill b e r e c o r d e d a t th e e n d o f e a c h
w eek.
F ig u r e 3 b . E x p e c te d r e s u lts fo r n o n - o b e s e r a ts ( n = 2 5 ) d u r in g th e 1 2 w e e k s q u a t
e x e r c is e p r o g r a m . M a le C D 4 o b e s e r a ts w ill e x e r c is e u s in g th e s q u a t a p p a r a tu s 5
tim e s a w e e k d o in g 1 2 s e ts o f 1 2 r e p s e a c h . B M I fo r th e r a ts w ill b e r e c o r d e d a t th e
end of each w eek.
S td N E
S td E
400
500
W PC
W PI
W PH
H ig h F a t N E
H ig h F a t E
450
W PC
W PI
W PH
H e a rt R a te (b p m )
Review of Literature
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T im e (w e e k s )
F ig u r e 3 a . E x p e c te d r e s u lts fo r o b e s e r a ts ( n = 2 5 ) d u r in g th e 1 2 w e e k s q u a t e x e r c is e
H e a rt R a te (b p m )
The purpose of this study is to determine what whey protein
supplement with exercise has greater effects on heart rate, BMI,
and muscle hypertrophy in obese and non-obese CD4 male
adolescent rats. I will use 50 (n=50) CD4 male rats. They will be
housed separately in wire cages in a room with controlled
temperature (23±1o), relative humidity (55±10%), and a 12 hour
light/dark cycle. A random number generator will be used to
assign the rats into obese and non-obese groups. Rats will then be
further subdivided into what type of protein supplementation
they will be receiving. Those groups are whey protein concentrate
(WPC), whey protein isolate (WPI), and whey protein hydrolysate
(WPH). My control groups will be rats that will not have any
protein supplemented and rats fed a high fat diet. Next, rats will
be exposed to a 12 week squat exercise regime 5 times a week.
Each exercise the rat will perform 12 sets x 12 reps. The purpose
of the rat squat machine is to mimic the muscle hypertrophy of
humans stimulated by this apparatus (Fig 1.). Before and during
each exercise rats will stand on a sensor (Mouse STAT Y-style
sensor) to monitor heart rate at rest and during exercise. At the
end of each week BMI will be calculated (BMI = body weight
(g)/length (cm2)). At the start and at the end of the 12 week
exercise program the rats will have their muscle protein synthesis
(MPS) rates calculated via isotopic labeled amino acid Leucine.
The importance of this research is to understand how different
whey protein supplements affect obese and non-obese
individuals.
Aims
B M I ( g /c m )
Project Summary
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380
400
370
0
5
10
0
15
5
10
15
T im e (w e e k s )
T im e (w e e k s )
F ig u r e 4 a . E x p e c te d r e s u lts o f re s tin g h e a r t r a te o f o b e s e ra ts (n = 2 5 ) d u r in g th e 1 2
F ig u r e 4 b . E x p e c te d re s u lts o f re s tin g h e a rt ra te o f n o n - o b e s e ra ts (n = 5 0 ) d u r in g th e 1 2
w e e k s q u a t e x e r c is e p r o c e s s .
w e e k s q u a t e x e rc is e p ro g r a m .
I would expect to see different rates of MPS in non-obese whey protein supplemented
(WPC, WPI, and WPH) rats compared to the standard diet with and without exercise. I
would expect to see different rates of MPS in obese whey protein supplemented rats
compared to the high fat diet with and without exercise.
Significance/Impact
Whey protein supplementation could be a more efficient route in reducing body fat for BMI and
building muscle hypertrophy rather than standard exercise or dieting alone. The importance of this
research is to understand how protein supplements affect obese and non-obese individuals and this
could possibly lead to further research on how protein supplements effect diabetes, sleep apnea, or
orthopedic problems.
Introduction
• Nutritional supplements such as whey protein have increased in
popularity with their correlation to increased muscle strength.
• Nutritional supplements are often used by children, teens, and
adults that don’t get all their nutritional needs from their diet.
• Poor dieting and lack of exercise are two factors that can lead to
adolescent obesity (Alberga, et al. 2012).
• Childhood/adolescent obesity is a growing problem that can
lead to both physical and psychological health problems.
• According to the American Heart association nearly 13 million
children (16.9%) between the ages of 2-19 are considered obese
in the U.S.
• People living with obesity often have increased heart rate and
are at risk for developing tachycardia
• Body Mass Index (BMI) is the measure of body fat based on an
individuals weight compared to their height (g/cm2)
• Obesity is defined as an individual with a Body Mass Index (BMI)
greater than 30 and a normal BMI is between 18.5-25
• It is unknown what effects whey protein supplements will have
on BMI and heart rate
• It is unknown which whey protein supplement has greater
effects on muscle protein synthesis
Literature Cited
1.Alberga, A., Sigal, R., Goldfield, G., Prud’home, D., and Kenny, G. 2012. Overweight and
Obese teenagers: why is adolescence a critical period. Pediatric Obesity. 7(4): 261-273
2.Atherton, P., Etheridge, T., Watt, P., Wilkinson, D., Selby, A., Rankin, D., Smith, K., and
Rennie, M. 2010. Muscle full effect after oral protein: time dependent condordance and
discordance between human muscle protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling. The
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 92: 1080-1088
3.Hulmi, J., Lockwood, C., and Stout, J. 2010. Effect of protein/essential amino acids and
resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy: A case for whey protein. Nutrition &
Metabolism. 7: 51-61
4.Manninen, A. 2009. Protein hydrolysates in sports nutrition. Nutrition & Metabolism. 6:
38-47.
5.Novelli, E., Diniz, Y., Galhardi, C., Ebaid, G., Rodrigues, H., Mani, F., Fernandes, A.,
Cicogna, A,. and Filho, J. 2007. Anthropometrical parameters and markers of obesity in
rats. Laboratory Animals. 41(1): 111-119.
6.Tamaki, T., Uchiyama, S., and Nakano, S. 1992. A weight lifting exercise model for
inducing hypertrophy in the hindlimb muscle of rats. Medical Science Sports Exercise.
23 (8): 881-886.
7.Wackerhage, H. and Rennie, M. 2006. How nutrition and exercise maintain the human
musculoskeletal mass. Journal of Anatomy. 208: 451-458
Acknowledgements
Thank you to Dr. Rehnberg for your help with this proposed
research.