Transcript The Renaissance and Reformation

 Renaissance means REBIRTH….
 Of learning, knowledge, and arts
What were the causes of the Renaissance?
2. How did Renaissance ideas spread northward and
influence Northern culture and society?
3. What were the causes and effects of the Protestant
Reformation?
4. How did the Catholic response to the Protestant
Reformation affect the Catholic Church?
1.
 Society had changed.
 Why?
 Black Death=Less People
 Less people=Food Surplus
 Food Surplus=More Money
 The Rise of City-States
 Italy was divided into large city-states in the North
 Large papal states and kingdoms in the South
Venice = sea trade
Milan = agriculture, silk, weapons
Florence = bankers
The Renaissance started in Italy
Why?
Cultural diffusion from the Crusades
Location
 I. Humanism
 Believed individuals and accomplishments were
important
 Humans were important,
not religion
 Human mind was limitless
 Wrote in vernacular
 Vernacular: Everyday speech
 1500s Italy was at war, life was not secure
 People began to leave the Catholic Church
 Thought the church had failed them
 Secular means worldly, not of the church
 “Renaissance Man”
 Smart, worldly, artistic, speak Latin
and Greek
 The Courtier by Castiglione,
described this man
 Written by Machiavelli, a political philosopher
 Believed rulers must do what is necessary to keep
control
 “The ends justify the means”
 Most people focused on history, geography, politics
 Science begins to emerge
 Problem: It challenged the Catholic Church
 Church taught geocentricism
 Earth=center of the universe
 Scientists taught heliocentricism
 Sun=center of the universe
 Copernicus and Galileo, scientists' who fought against the
Catholic Church
 Both arrested by the Church
 Patrons
 Someone who pays for art
 Middle Ages: Art was created by anonymous artists
 Renaissance: artists worked for whoever paid the most
money
 Florence, Italy
 Very wealthy merchants
 Patrons of the Arts
 Gave $ to artists, intellectuals,
musicians
 Lorenzo de Medici largest patron
 Painted natural world, realistic
 Studied Perspective
 3D
 Very different from medieval art
 How?
 Painted some religious scenes, also sculpted ancient Greek
forms
 Shows interest in Classics
 Architecture used columns, arches…sound similar?
 Painter, writer, engineer, architect,
mathematician, musician and philosopher
 Works: The Last Supper, The Mona Lisa
Flying machines, canals, designed 1st machine gun
 Sculptors studied anatomy
 Why? Realism
 Won fame with Pieta
 Sculpture of Mary and Jesus
 Works: David, ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
 Sistine Chapel Tour
 Sculptor
 Work: David
 Painter and Architect
 Most famous work is The School of Athens
 A fresco, paint on wet plaster
 Renaissance architect
 Work: St. Peter’s Basilica
 Trade networks across Europe grew
 Trade was
controlled by the
Hanseatic League
 Merchant organization
 Operated to protect
its members
 Renaissance ideas spread
through trade from Italy
 Johannes Gutenberg
 Developed the moveable type printing press
 Texts were now cheaper
 Cheaper books  Ownership increases  Increase in
literacy  Renaissance ideas spread
Gutenberg Bible

1st book to be printed
 Erasmus
 Priest
 Christian Humanism
 Simple life, education of children
 Condemned by the Catholic Church
 Best known for Utopia
 Meant for a
humanist audience
 Criticized government,
wanted perfect society
based on reason and logic
 Greatest English Playwright
 Spread Renaissance ideas to the masses
 Plays were a shift from religious morals of the Middle
Ages
 Wrote in the vernacular
 Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet
 Focused on the role
of women
 Wrote biographies of royals
 Wrote guides for
women on morality
 Champion of education
and equality for women
 Influenced by Italian artists
 Very realistic painters
 Italians = beauty of ancient Rome and Greece
 Northern = depicted realism of people and nature
 Albrecht Durer
 Painted oils
 Jan van Eyck
 Landscapes and domestic life
Northern artists used religious symbolism
ART
Italian Renaissance
Subject Matter
Style
Northern Renaissance
Interiors, Portraits,
Landscapes
Symmetrical, Perspective,
Balanced
Known For
Media
Frescoes, Sculpture, Oil
Example
Artists
Jan van Eyck, Albrecht
Durer
 Wealth of the church grew, money = corruption
 Respect for the church began to drop
 Church taxed citizens to pay for projects
 Indulgences:
 The Pope need money
 Solution: Sell indulgences
 Pardon that reduces time spent in purgatory
 “Selling salvation”
 John Wycliffe: 1330s, church should give up
possessions
 Jan Hus: 1370s, preached against immorality of the
Church
 1412, excommunicated by the Pope, later burned at the
stake
 1517  The Year the Protestant Reformation began!
 Luther made complaints about the Church
 Called the 95 Theses
 Thesis: Argument
 Written in Latin, directed towards church leaders
 Mailed complaints to the church door
 Said Indulgences were sinful
 God’s grace cannot be won through works alone
 Needed faith for salvation
 Head of the church is Jesus Christ, NOT the Pope
 Insisted on people interpreting the scriptures for
themselves
 Translated Bible into German
 Why? So common people can read it.
 1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther
 Excommunicated: no longer part of the church
 1521, summoned to appear before the Holy Roman
Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms
 HRE said Luther was an outlaw and condemned his
work
 1529, HRE Charles V tried to suppress Luther’s writing
 His followers “protested” = Protestants
 Lutheranism = Germany
 Switzerland = Ulrich Zwingli
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Theocracy
Criticized by Luther
Followers often attacked by Catholics
Dies in battle 1531
 Geneva, Switzerland = John Calvin
 Preached predestination
 God knows who will be saved
 Church attendance was mandatory
 Very strict
 Scotland = John Knox
 Roots of Presbyterianism
 Presbytery
 Governed by clergy and the members
 Another group develops: The Anabaptists
 Baptized adults
 Crime at the time since you were baptized as an
infant
 Why? Original Sin
 Henry VIII
 Became King of England in 1509, age 17
 Devout Catholic, denounced Luther
 By 1525, wife had only one child (Mary)
 Needed a male heir, but his wife, Catherine of Aragone
was older
 Asked the Pope to annul the marriage
 Problem:
 HRE Charles V was Catherine’s nephew
 Pope said no
 Reformation Parliament
 Henry VII summoned Parliament said England was no
longer under the rule of the Catholic Church
 Started his own church, The Anglican Church
 VERY SIMILAR to Catholicism
 In American, known as the Episcopal Church
 Total 6 wives, 3 children
 Catherine of Aragon  Mary  Divorced
 Anne Boleyn Elizabeth  Beheaded
 Jane Seymour  Edward VI  Died
 Ann of Cleves  No children  Divorced
 Catherine Howard No children  Beheaded
 Katherine Parr  No children  Survived
 At his death, son Edward VI took the throne (son of
Jane Seymour) 1547
 Edward VI dies 1552
 Mary (daughter of Catherine of Aragon) comes to
power
 Kills protestants “Bloody Mary”
 Mary dies, Elizabeth I takes throne (daughter of Anne
Boleyn)
 Known as The Golden Age
 Threatened by Catholics who wanted Mary Queen of
Scots to rule
 She persecuted Catholics
 Significance: Firmly established Anglican Church
 Corruption
 Financial Abuse
 Loss of Members to the Protestant Reformation
 Solution: The Counter Reformation
 Response of the Catholic Church to criticisms
 Savonarola
 Preached sermons against the Catholic Church
 Church should give up material possessions
 Inspired people to burn jewelry and trinkets
 “Bonfire of the Vanities
 Excommunicated and executed in 1498
 Wanted to reform Catholic spirituality and service
 Founder: Ignatius of Loyola
 Emphasized discipline and obedience to the church
 Concentrated on education
 Universities, Colleges, Missions
 (In the USA: Boston College, Georgetown, Gonzaga)
 Pope Paul III 1545
 Needed to redefine beliefs of the Church
 Addressed corruption
 Indulgences were abolished
 Rejected Protestant belief in self-interpretation
 Church should be mysterious to instill faith
 Charles Borromeo, Francis of Sales
 Middle Ages, nuns (women devoted to the church) took
care of the poor, orphaned and sick
 Reformation: Women more involved
 Teresa of Avila
 Followed her own regimen of fasting, prayer and sleep
 Inspired many to remain loyal to the Church
 Church court
 Tried witches, Protestants, heretics
 Spanish Inquisition very harsh
 Wanted religious uniformity
 Had a list of banned books
 If read, you lost your soul
 Martin Luther’s 95 theses led to religious freedom
 Result:
 Many different denominations of Christianity
 Prejudice against Jews and Muslims (from Protestants
and Catholics)
 Jews forced to live in ghettos
 Walled off section of city with like-people
 Witch Hunts became more frequent (bad harvests)
 People were more nationalistic
 Led to separation of church and state
 1494 HRE Charles V invades Italy
 France, Spain, England all want control of Italy
 Italian Wars
 Charles V sacks Rome in 1527
 Significance: Expands Renaissance Ideas
 Germany: Peace of Augsburg
 France: Henry of Navarre, Edict of Nantes