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LANDMARKS IN HUMANITIES Chapter 7 Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance ca. 1300–1600 Transition: Medieval to Renaissance 2 The Black Death Killed one-third to one-half of population Four waves between 1347 and 1375 Brought by flea-bearing rats on commercial vessels Hit towns hardest Enormous psychological and economic damage Economic benefits to those who survived Increased Climatic jobs; more bargaining power disasters; revolt against feudal overlords Demise of feudal order ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Transition: Medieval to Renaissance 3 The Rise of Constitutional Monarchy Magna Carta (“great charter”) Middle class invited to participate in the Great Council (Parliament) First example of representative government The Hundred Years’ War Dispute over English claims to continental lands, the French throne First use of gunpowder Joan of Arc Major blow to feudalism ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Transition: Medieval to Renaissance 4 The Decline of the Church Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) Papacy relocated from Rome to Avignon, France, in response to political pressure from French king Unsavory efforts at financial and political aggrandizement Simony Indulgences Great Schism (1378–1417) Rift between French and Italian cardinals led to election of two popes, who excommunicated each other ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Arts in Transition 5 The Arts in Transition Social realism: objective attention to human society and social interaction Boccaccio Decameron Secular entertainment; realistic Christine de Pisan First feminist writer Book of the City of Ladies Attack on misogyny; defense of female right to education ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Arts in Transition 6 Chaucer Master of fourteenth-century vernacular literature Canterbury Tales Versified human comedy Characters with individualistic personalities Giotto’s New Realism Introduced natural and lifelike style Weighty, robust figures Gradations of light and shade (chiaroscuro) Lamentation over Jesus ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Arts in Transition 7 The Ars Nova in Music Increased rhythmic complexity and aural expressiveness Isorhythm Syncopation Guillaume Messe de Machaut de Notre Dame Unified Mass into single polyphonic composition Numerous secular works Ballades ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Italian Renaissance 8 The Italian Renaissance Movement to recover culture of Classical antiquity began in Italy Appealed Italian city-states independent, competitive Papacy to secular interests of rising merchant class did little to unify rival city-states The Medici Wealthy banking family that ruled Florence for four generations Great patrons of scholarship and the arts ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Italian Renaissance 9 ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Renaissance Humanism 10 Renaissance Humanism Classical humanism: the revival of Greco-Roman culture; major feature of Italian Renaissance Secular in nature Used Classical authority for basis of new appraisal of individual in the world order Different from other revivals Not as foundation of faith, but as rational guide to human fulfillment Attracted broad base of support Studia humanitatis ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Renaissance Humanism 11 Petrarch: “Father of Humanism” Devoted life to recovery, copying, and editing of Latin manuscripts Revived epistolary tradition Deeply influenced by Cicero, Augustine Canzoniere (Songbook) Conflict between Christian will to believe and Classic will to reason Perfected the sonnet ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Renaissance Humanism 12 Ficino: The Platonic Academy “Golden Age” After fall of Constantinople, Greek manuscripts and Byzantine scholars poured into Italy Ficino translated entire body of Plato’s writings Platonic Academy in Florence founded Popularized idea that platonic (spiritual) love attracts the soul to God Became major theme among Renaissance poets and painters ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Renaissance Humanism 13 Pico della Mirandola: The Dignity of Man Sought “unity of truth” in all philosophic thought Oration on the Dignity of Man “Manifesto of humanism” Argued for free will and the perfectibility of the individual Castiglione: The Well-Rounded Person The Book of the Courtier L’uomo universale: the well-rounded person Men must influence those who rule Women must entertain men of the court Focus on manners, not morals ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Renaissance Humanism 14 The Printing Press Johann Gutenberg perfected movable-type printing press in 1450 Gutenberg Bible, 1455 Revolutionized learning and communication Information became commodity for mass consumption Books readily available to public Facilitated rise of popular education ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Renaissance Humanism 15 Machiavelli and Power Politics Diplomat and statesman; critic of societal realities Lamented The Italy’s disunity, rivalry among city-states Prince Political treatise; called for unification of Italy under powerful and courageous leader Need for strong state justified strong rule If necessary must sacrifice moral virtue Mastery of power politics can ensure survival of the state ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Early Renaissance Art 16 Early Renaissance Art Two periods: Early Centered in Florence High New Renaissance (ca. 1400–1490) Renaissance (ca. 1490–1520) Centered in Rome and Milan sources of patronage Enhanced Artist social, financial status of artists as hero and genius Vasari, The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Architects, and Sculptors ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Early Renaissance Art 17 Early Renaissance Architecture Devoted to architectural principles laid out by Vitruvius Pollio Human proportions mirror the universal order Brunelleschi Designed dome of Florence Cathedral Defended Classical principles of symmetry and design Pazzi Chapel Alberti Shared enthusiasm for harmonious proportions Ten Books on Architecture ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Early Renaissance Art 18 ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Early Renaissance Art 19 Early Renaissance Painting Attempted to recreate “look” of nature through various illusionistic techniques Introduced scientific methods for the representation of objects in space Linear (one-point) perspective Brunelleschi’s laws of linear perspective Manner in which parallel lines in a given visual field appear to converge at a single vanishing point on the horizon ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Early Renaissance Art 20 ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Early Renaissance Art 21 Masaccio First to master linear perspective Frescoes for churches in Florence The Tribute Money Botticelli Birth of Venus Tribute to physical and spiritual beauty Neoplatonic ideas Goddess of earthly and divine love ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Early Renaissance Art 22 Early Renaissance Sculpture Donatello David Classical in proportion and stance, yet seductive and sensuous Celebration of the physical, secular world Ghiberti “Gates of Paradise” Bronze Relief panels on Florentine Baptistery of San Giovanni Linear perspective, humanized figures ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Early Renaissance Art 23 Verrocchio Sculpture of likeness of Lorenzo de’ Medici Renaissance portraiture was hallmark of new self-consciousness and growing civic pride Equestrian statue of Bartolommeo Colleoni Recalls Roman statue of Marcus Aurelius Scientific naturalism; anatomical detail ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. High Renaissance Art 24 High Renaissance Art Grand Style Scientific illusionism combined with Classical design principles Artistic activity moved to Rome High Renaissance Architecture Bramante: Modeled Palladio, on the Classical tholos Four Books on Architecture Symmetry Saint Peter’s Cathedral and centrality controlling elements Villa Rotunda, Vicenza, Italy ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. High Renaissance Art 25 ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. High Renaissance Art 26 Leonardo da Vinci Scientist, artist, mathematician, composer, inventor Exalted importance of empirical study to discover general rules of nature Mona Lisa “Lifelike”; Last outdoor setting Supper Fusion of narrative and symbolic content to achieve an ordered, grand design ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. High Renaissance Art 27 Raphael Compositions notable for clarity, harmony, and unity of design The Alba Madonna The School of Athens The great philosophers and scientists of ancient history Epitome of the Grand Style: spatial clarity, decorum, balance, unity of design, and grace ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. High Renaissance Art 28 ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. High Renaissance Art 29 Michelangelo David Renaissance Sistine Chapel Creation ideals of terribilitá and virtù and Fall of Humankind Maximized grandeur of figures Creation Dome of Adam of St. Peter’s ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. High Renaissance Art 30 ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. High Renaissance Art 31 The High Renaissance in Venice Art of color and light Favored oil medium Titian Venus of Urbino Style became definitive expression of High Renaissance painting ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Renaissance Music 32 Renaissance Music More secular music committed to paper Music composed by professionals and amateurs Virtuosity in performance: hallmark Josquin des Prez Flemish composer; “the prince of music” Unified polyphonic Mass around single musical theme Word painting: Attention to relationship between words and music Ave Maria ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Renaissance Music 33 The Madrigal Composition for three to six unaccompanied voices Usually polyphonic; often included playful imitation and word painting Functioned as popular entertainments Leading composers Flemish Adrian Willaert Roland de Lassus Maddalena Casulana ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Renaissance Music 34 Instrumental Music Music for solo instruments popular; lute was a favorite Wrote music for small organs, the clavichord, and the harpsichord Instrumental compositions began to regularly appear ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Renaissance Music 35 Renaissance Dance First efforts to establish dance as independent discipline Guglielmo Ebreo Importance of grace, memorization of fixed steps, coordination of music and motion Balli Three favorite forms of Italian court dance: Basse Saltarello Piva ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Beyond the West: The Glories of the Ottoman Empire 36 The Glories of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire marked last great age of Muslim world power Under Suleiman, left cultural landmarks comparable to European Renaissance Centrally-planned mosques, public baths, palaces Golden Age of literature and arts ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.