Transcript Review Session #1 - History by Mills

Unit I
Ch. 12 & 13
Bubonic Plague
• Late 13th century to the early 14th century
– Majority of the population was already
undernourished when the black plague
arrived
• Poor harvests led to widespread famine
• Social distress
– Half a million people died, crime wave, social
depression
– Population growth slowed
Bubonic Plague (continued)
• Spread by the brown rat along trade
routes
• Types:
– Bubonic (swelling), Pneumonic (attacks
lungs), Septcaemic (skin turns purple)
Consequences
• Socio-Economic
– Government response
• Did not know what to do
• Restricted trade
• In 1337 France and England went to war
– Hundred Years’ War
• Depopulation
– Affected areas of Asia and the Middle East
– Worldwide killed at least 75 million
– Cities hit hardest
• Religion
– Population lost faith in clergy members who claimed
they could cure victims
– Support for different religious groups rose (flagellants)
– Monasteries hit hard
**led to a shortage of clergy members
-precursor to the Reformation
• Culture:
–
–
–
–
Turned very morbid
Death was an aspect of everyday life
Literature, music and art
Medicine techniques changed
• Liquor applied to affected areas
– Led to an increase in the consumption of alcohol
Babylonian Captivity
• Background
– Black death leads to mistrust of the Church
– Arguments arose between the pope and the
king over taxation on church lands
– In the early 14th century French king Philip IV
arrested Pope Boniface VIII
• The pope was released but died soon afterwards
• Leads to the Papal reign of Pope Clement V
• Clement V moved from Rome to Avignon
– An area influenced by King Philip IV
• Many Christians objected to this, because
the pope was under the control of the
French king
• Referred to as the “Babylonian Captivity”
– 70 years the ancient Hebrews were held
captive in Mesopotamian Babylon
Back to Rome
• Pope Gregory XI was persuaded to return
to Rome in 1376
– Hoped to correct to decline in papal prestige
This led to…………
THE GREAT SCHISM
The Great Schism, 1378-1417
• Pope Urban VI (takes over after Pope
Gregory XI died) planned to decrease
French influence in the Church
• French Cardinals argued Urban VI was not
the real pope
– Elect Clement VII as pope
• Reigned in Avignon
PROBLEM: Two popes!!! One in Rome, One in
Avignon. Is one the Anti-Christ???
The Conciliar Movement
• 1409, The Council of Pisa
– Cardinals from both Rome and France
– Deposed of both reigning popes and elected a
new one
• The two popes would not step down
AND THEN THERE WERE THREE…..
Council of Constance, 1414-1418
• Deposed all three popes
• Elected a Roman Cardinal as pope
– Martin V
THE GREAT SCHISIM IS OVER!!!
BUT…..popes would never again have the
same power they once held
The Hundred Years’ War
1337-1453
•
Causes
1.
Succession to the throne of France
-King Edward III of England vs. Philip VI
2.
Economic
-lucrative wool trade between Flanders and England
-merchants supported Edward, aristocracy
supported Philip
3.
Feudal system
-Philip wanted to claim status of lord over the lands held by
Edward in So. France
-Edward could not accept Philip as his lord
-Philip declared Edward’s lands as forfeit
-Edward decided to exert his claim to be both king of
England and France
Early victories: England
• Led by Edward II and his son, the Black
Prince
• Battle of Crecy (1346), Poitiers (1346),
alliance with the Burgundians, Battle of
Agincourt (1415)
French Victories
• Joan of Arc (1412-1431)
– Given command of an army
– Lifted the moral of the French army
– New national spirit revitalized the French
army and led to an overall French victory in
1453
– Burned at the stake c. 1431 by the English
Results of the war
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
New weaponry, new warfare
Breakdown of the feudal system
English expelled from French land
French nationalism
England’s War of the Roses (Lancaster
Family vs. York Family)
6. Rise of intellectual thought
-Renaissance
The Renaissance
Renaissance defined:
• Used to describe a movement that
sought to imitate and understand the
culture of antiquity (the time period
before the Middle Ages)
• “rebirth” of Greek and Roman classics
• Applies to art, politics, and science
• Praises individual achievement
Background/ Possible causes
• Emerged in central Italy in the 14th century
– No exact beginning or ending date
– Florence
• The Medici Family
– Wealthy and influential Florentine family
– Patronage allowed for the advancement of
artwork
Possible causes (continued)
• The Great Man argument
– Leans on the belief that the Ren grew out of the
intelligence great men
– Fails to explain the different aspects of the
Renaissance
• The Black Death theory
– The breakdown of trust in the Church led people to
think more about life rather than the afterlife
• Invention of the printing press
– Gutenberg (1450s)
Italian Renaissance vs. Northern
Renaissance
Italian Renaissance
– attempted to merge the pagan Classical Age
with the Christian Middle Ages
– Emphasizes Greece and Rome
– Emphasizes wealthy upper class
– Religious and mythological
– Portraits are formal and reserved
– Base art on theory
Italian Renaissance vs. Northern
Renaissance
Northern Renaissance
– Art is more infused with religion and religious
piety (devotion)
– Focuses on early Christianity in Rome and
Greece
– Emphasized the life of commoners and the
rising middle class
– Appreciation of nature
– Oil paint used more = brighter colors
Sculpture: Donatello’s
David
• 1425-1430
• Bronze
• First free standing nude statue
since before the Middle Ages
• Notice Goliath’s helmet:
connection to Roman gods
• David’s helmet: contrast to
Goliath’s
• Lowered gaze = modesty and
virtue (Classical
characteristics)
Painting: Masaccio
• Utilizes
linear/scientific
perspective
– The Holy Trinity
Architecture
• Influenced greatly by
Filippo Brunellechi
• Studied Roman
architect: domes instead
of Gothic spires
• Utilized a new style
called linear, or scientific
perspective
– Vanishing point
– Allowed for three
dimensional space
Leonardo da Vinci: Mona Lisa.
c. 1503-1505
• Who is she?
• Why is she smiling?
• What do you notice
about the landscape?
• Wife of a Florentine
merchant
Raphael (1483-1520)
• School of Athens,
1510-1511
• Famous Greek
philosophers gather
around Plato and
Aristotle
• Careful attention to
symmetry, motion,
precision
Comparison: Gothic Art (11401550) vs. Renaissance Art
•
Giotto. Madonna Enthroned. 1310
•
Raphael. Sistine Madonna. c. 1500s
Michelangelo (1475-1564)
• Sistine Chapel. 15081512 & 1534-1541
• Scenes depict the
early history and the
coming of Jesus
– Creation, destruction,
and the salvation of
humanity
The Ceiling
Raphael. Sistine Madonna.
Dresden, Germany
Unit II
Ch. 14 & 15
The Reformation
•
Causes
1) The Avignon Papacy and the Great Schism
-lost faith in the church’s stablity
2) John Wyclif (c. 1330-1384) and Jan Hus (13691415)
-Wyclif and the Lollards
-believed many practices were not based on the Bible
(Gutenberg Bible—1456)
-Hus
-against the sale of indulgences
-executed in 1415 as a heretic
Causes continued
3) Failure of the Church to reform
-3 disorders
1) Clerical immorality
2) Clerical ignorance
3) Clerical pluralism
-absenteeism
4) Humanism
-Renaissance idea
-led people to think outside the church
-valued individual worth
Martin Luther and his 95 Thesis
1517 (*hubdate*)
Martin Luther and his 95 Thesis
1517 (*hubdate*)
• Nailed to the door of the Wittenberg
Castle’s Church
• He was excommunicated from the
Catholic church for his beliefs
– Diet of Worms (1521)
• Printing press
– Allowed for easy distribution of his beliefs
Ulrich Zwingli
• Leader of the Reformation in Switzerland
• Convinced the Christian life relied on the
Scriptures
– Attacked the Catholic Church’s practices
John Calvin (French)
• Calivinism and
predestination
– The idea that God
selects certain people
to do his work, society
is weak and has no
free will, and God
selects who will
receive salvation and
those who won’t
Results
• 1) ended in the division and the establishment of
new Christian doctrines
– Lutherans
– Reformed/Calvinist/Presbyterians
– Anabaptists
– Anglicans
2) Catholic and Counter Reformation
-clarification of Catholic doctrines (Council of Trent)
-structural changes in the institution of the church
Reformation in England
• Henry VIII (1509-1547)
– Originally supported the Church against
Luther
– English Reformation was more political than
religious
– Feared leaving England w/o a male heir
• Requested an annulment from the pope of his
marriage to Catherine of Aragon in order to marry
Anne Boleyn
• Henry divorced Catherine, married Anne and was
excommunicated
Further marriages of Henry VIII
• #2: Anne Boleyn: executed in 1536; mother of
Elizabeth (b. 1533)
• #3:Jane Seymour: gave birth to a son, Edward,
in 1537; died shortly after
– Edward VI reigned from 1547-1553; died at age 16
• #4: Anne of Cleves: German Protestant
princess; 1539; divorced 1540
• #5: Katherine Howard: 1540; beheaded for
treason in 1542
• #6: Katherine Parr: 1543; Henry died in 1547
Age of Exploration
• Motives
– 1) Europe needed a new trade route to Asia
• GATEWAY
– 2) Trade brought money into the treasuries of national
monarchies
• GOLD
– 3) Religion: to spread Christianity
• GOD
– 4) Renaissance
– 5) Technology and Learning
• GLORY
Developments: The Big Five
• Portugal
–
–
–
–
First nation to secure boundaries
Prince Henry the Navigator->school
Treaty of Tordesillas with Spain, 1494 (Brazil)
Vasco de Gama
• Spain
– Concluded the Reconquista 1492
– Columbus
– Magellan sails around the world
• England
– John Cabot and Newfoundland
– Sir Francis Drake sails around the world 1577-80
– Jamestown 1607
• France
– Quebec 1608
• The Netherlands
– Henry Hudson explored Hudson River and laid claims to the territory
Age of Exploration continued
• Mercantilism
– Countries use their colonies as sources of raw
materials
• Consequences on Europe
– Weakened feudalism, heightened nationalism,
bettered economies
• Consequences on the non-European World
– Diseases, European emigration, development of
African slavery
*Columbian Exchange!
THE END!!!