European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300-1600
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Transcript European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300-1600
European Renaissance and
Reformation, 1300-1600
TWO MOVEMENTS, THE
RENAISSANCE AND THE
REFORMATION, USHER IN
DRAMATIC SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL CHANGES IN EUROPE
Italy: Birthplace of the
Renaissance
During the late Middle Ages
Europe suffered from war
and the plague
People began to question
the Church
People wanted to
celebrate life and the
human spirit
The Renaissance
Renaissance (rebirth)-an
explosion of creativity in
art, writing, and thought.
1300-1600
Why Italy?
1. Thriving cities
2. A wealthy
Merchant Class
3. Classical heritage
of Greece and Rome
1. City-States
Crusades spur trade
Growth of large city-states
in northern Italy
Cities=places where
people exchange ideas
In 1300s bubonic plague
killed 60% of population,
disrupts economy
With few opportunities to
expand business,
merchants began to
pursue other interests,
such as art
How did the cities of Italy help create the
Renaissance?
City life included wealth, leisure time, and exchange
of ideas
2. A Wealthy Merchant Class
Merchants
More emphasis on
individual achievement
Dominated politics
Banking family, the
Medici family, controls
Florence
Cosimo de Medici 1434
Wealthiest European at
time and dictator of
Florence
Lorenzo de Medici 1464
(Cosimo’s grandson)
Also dictator of Florence
Patron of the arts
3. Inspiration from Greece and Rome
Middle Ages art and
architecture
Artists, scholars study
Greeks and Romans
(monasteries kept
documents intact)
Christian scholars move to
Rome after fall of
Constantinople in 1453
and brought Greek
manuscripts with them
Classical and Worldly Values
Study of classics lead to
Humanism
Humanism
Intellectual movement
focused on human potential
and achievements
Humanists studied classical
texts to understand Greek
values in subjects such as
1.
2.
3.
History
Literature
Philosophy
How did study of the classics influence branches of
learning such as history, literature, and philosophy?
Study of classical texts led to a different outlook on
life, one emphasizing human potential and
achievements.
The Good Stuff
Renaissance society was
secular—worldly
Even church leaders
Wealthy enjoyed fine
food, homes, clothes,
music
Humanists suggested that
one can enjoy life without
offending God
Patrons
Patron-a financial
supporter of artists
Church leaders spend
money on artworks to
beautify cities
Wealthy merchants also
patrons of the arts
The Renaissance Man
Excels in many fields: the
classics, art, politics,
combat
Baldassre Castiglione’s
The Courtier (1528)
(Should be charming,
witty, well educated in the
classics; should dance,
sing, play music, and
write poetry; should be a
skilled rider, wrestler, and
swordsman)
The book teaches how to
become a “universal”
person
The Renaissance Woman
Upper-class, educated in
classics, charming
Expected to inspire art but
not create it
Example:
Isabella d’Este
Born in ruling class in
Ferrara, Italy
Spoke Greek, Latin
Musician, dancer, patron
of arts
Home turned into art
museum
Involved in politics
Revolution in Art
Artists use realistic
style copied from
classical art
Portraits of
Individuals
Painters use
perspective-a way to
show three
dimensions on a
canvas
Realistic Painting and Sculpture
Realistic portraits of prominent citizens
Sculpture shows natural postures and expressions
The Biblical David is a favorite subject among
sculptors
Donatello’s (1386-1466) David
East Door of the Baptistery in Florence
Created by Lorenzo
Ghiberti’s
Michelangelo called it the
“Gate of Paradise”
Ghiberti worked on it for
27 years from 1425-1452
10 panels in bronze
showing stories from
the Old Testament
East Door of the Baptistery in Florence
Leonardo Da Vinci
1452-1519
Painter, sculptor,
inventor, scientist
Read his writings by
looking at them in a
mirror
Mona Lisa in the Louvre in Paris
It is thought to be a portrait of
Lisa Gherardini, who at 16
married Francesco del
Giocondo, a wealthy merchant
of Florence who commissioned
the portrait.
Notice the smile, the shadows,
and the hands
Why is it famous??
Leonardo
Leonardo--sketches
The Last Supper (Milan)
Michelangelo Buonarroti
1475-1564
Renaissance man also
Painter, sculptor,
architect, and poet
Statue of David in Florence, Italy
Sculpted from 1501-1504
18 feet tall
Michelangelo’s Pieta
Michelangelo’s Moses
Michelangelo’s Dome of St. Peter’s in Rome
The Sistine Chapel
The Sistine Chapel in Rome
Michelangelo’s Last Judgment in Sistine Chapel
Raphael
1483 - 1520
Younger than
Leonardo and
Michelangelo
Learned by studying
their works
Self portrait at right
Raphael
One of Raphael’s
favorite subjects was
the Madonna and
child.
Sandro Botticelli
Self portrait and The Birth of Venus
Anguuissola and Gentileschi
Sofonisba Anguissola:
first woman artist to gain
world renown (self
portrait at right)
Artemisia Gentileschi
paints strong, heroic
women (self portrait
below)
How did the humanism of the renaissance reflected
in its art?
Renaissance celebrates the human body and
individual achievement.
Changes in Literature
New Trends in Writing
Writers use vernacular
Self-expression or to
portray individuality of
their subjects
Why was it important that writers began writing in
the vernacular?
More accessible to everyday people; possible to read
literature without learning to speak Latin
Petrarch
Father of Humanism
Wrote in Italian and Latin
Sonnets (14 line poems)
became a model for lyrical
poetry
Typically about a
woman named Laura
One of the first people to
use the term “Dark Ages”
Boccaccio
Decameron
The stories are told by
a group of young
people waiting in a
villa in Florence to
avoid the plague
Niccolo Machiavelli
The Prince – political
guidebook
Examines how rulers can
gain and keep power
To succeed a prince must
be strong as a lion and
shrewd as a fox.
The word Machiavellian
describes any crafty or
deceitful action used for
one’s own advantage.
Why do you think Machiavelli’s writings remain
popular?
People still interested in getting and keeping power.
Vittoria Colonna
Woman writer with great
influence
Poems express personal
emotions
She exchanged sonnets
with Michelangelo and
helped Castiglione publish
The Courtier.
Italian Renaissance Activities
Renaissance Man:
Review the article about
Leonardo Da Vinci being a
“Renaissance Man”.
On a large sheet of paper,
illustrate and include quotes
and activities from the article
that made someone a
“Renaissance Man” OR
Create your own “Modern
Renaissance Man” and include
10-15 qualities that make them
that. Or
Create a resume for a
“Renaissance Man” or one of the
people we have discussed in Ch.
17-1.
Suggestions to a leader
Read the primary source
reading of “The Prince”
Then write a “Top 15” list
of qualities a
good/successful leader
needs to have.
Also include your “Top 15”
suggestions on how a
leader should obtain/keep
power as a leader.
How did humanism influence Renaissance ideas?
Focused on people and their achievements, so art and
thought became more concerned with the here and now
Why did church leaders and wealthy merchants support the
arts?
Showed their importance by having portraits painted and
decorating churches and other public places
What were the differences and similarities between upperclass Renaissance men and women?
Both were expected to know the classics, but most women
lacked political power
What were the differences between the Middle Ages
and the Renaissance in the attitude toward
pleasures?
In the Middle Ages, some people believed that denial
of worldly pleasures would please God. During the
Renaissance, many believed that god intended them
to enjoy those things.
True or False
1. During the Renaissance, patrons of the arts were people
who frequented many of art festivals.
False
2. The technique of perspective was used by Renaissance
painters to show three dimensions on a flat surface
True
3. The Renaissance, a movement that started in Germany
and lasted 300 years, brought about a growth of creativity
in art, writing, and thought.
False
4. The general emphasis of the Renaissance movement was religious.
False
5. The Prince, by Machiavelli, stated that people are selfish and
corrupt, and that a prince should be feared more than loved.
True
6. Some Renaissance writers wrote in the vernacular, or in the author’s
native language.
True
7. An intellectual movement called humanism focused on scientific
information about the human body.
False
8. “Renaissance men” were men who mastered many fields of
endeavor.
True