Transcript File

Packet 1 – Intro to Biology
1.
E
______
Dependent Variable
2.
D
______
Constant/
Standardized Variables

A. Variable that can be
changed/altered in the
set-up

B. Group that serves as a
standard of comparison

C. Just ONE aspect is
changed in this group

D. Variables that are kept
the same in each setup

E. Variable that is
measured
B
3.
______ Control Group
C
4.
______ Experimental Group
A
5.
______ Independent Variable
# STUDENTS WITH FLU
Use the info from the table to LABEL the missing parts of
the graph. Be sure to include all parts of the graph!!!
NUMBER OF STUDENTS WITH
THE FLU AT MCHS FROM
2005-2007
05-06
- - - 06-07
J F M AM J J A S O N D
TIME
 What is the independent variable?
 What is the dependent variable?
TIME
# WITH FLU
Packet
1
–
Intro
to
Biology
7. The following are necessary components for a good
experiment:
 The first step in any experiment is to make
AN OBSERVATION / DEFINE THE
PROBLEM
 In order to know what is causing the changes in an
experiment, the experimental design should contain
ONE
_______(#)
independent variable(s).
 The purpose of having a control group in an experiment
is to HAVE SOMETHING TO COMPARE THE RESULTS
TO
 After an experiment has concluded, the experiment should be
REPEAT
______________________to
make sure the results are not just a
coincidence (shows that the results are valid).
Packet 1 – Intro to Biology
8. Use the following description of the experiment to complete the questions below:
 John and Sally wanted to conduct an experiment with bread mold. They took 8 slices of white bread that Sally's mom had made and
put each on the counter. Sally then placed 25 drops of water on each piece, trying to spread them out evenly. John placed each slice
in a plastic bag, sealed them and put the bags in various locations around the kitchen.
 Two bags were placed in a box in the freezer
 Two bags were placed in a box in the refrigerator
 Two bags were placed in a box on top of the refrigerator
 Two bags were placed were in a box in front of the window.
 They left the bags alone for the first two days, and then checked the bread on days 3 - 8, looking for the amount of surface area
covered by bread mold and the appearance (color, texture) of the mold.
•What is the independent variable in this experiment?
WHERE THE BAGS ARE PLACED
•What is(are) the dependent variable(s) in this experiment
AMOUNT OF MOLD AND APPEARANCE OF THE MOLD
•List at least 4 variables that should be standardized:
25 DROPS OF WATER, WHITE BREAD, TYPE OF PLASTIC
BAG, TIME LEAVING THE BAGS OUT.
9. Organic Molecule Table
Organic
Compound
Name for
monomer(s) or
subunits
Name for polymer or
subunits
Function(s)

LIPIDS
CARBS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC
ACIDS
FATTY
ACIDS,
GLYCEROL
FATS, OILS,
WAXES
MONOSACCHARIDE
POLYSACCHARIDE
AMINO
ACID
NUCLEOTIDE
POLYPEPTIDE








DNA & RNA


Forms majority of cell
membrane
Long-term energy storage
Insulation & waterproofing
Chemical signals
Short-term energy storage
(basis of food chain)
Provides structure & support
Form muscle, hair & skin.
Helps with transport in/out
of a cell.
Speeds up reactions using
less energy (enzyme)
Stores genetic information
Contains instructions for
making proteins.
Packet
2
Biochemistry
ORGANIC
10. ________________________Term for compounds that contain
carbon (and hydrogen).
MONOMERS
11. ________________________Compounds
that join together to
form polymers
PROTEIN
12. ________________________An
enzyme is what type of organic
compound?
CARBOHYDRATES
13. ________________________Sugars
and starches are this type of
organic compound.
HYDROLYSIS
14. ________________________Chemical
process in which larger
compounds are broken down into their monomers using
water to break the bonds.
SYNTHESIS
15.DEHYDRATION
________________________Building
larger compounds by
joining many building blocks together (releases water)
Packet 2 - Biochemistry
ACTIVE SITE
16. ________________________
Part of the enzyme that
holds/grabs the substrate.
GLUCOSE
17. ________________________
Monomer sugar that is the
building block of carbs.
18. ________________________
How plants store excess
STARCH
sugar.
CELLULOSE
19. ________________________ Carbohydrate found in the
cell wall of plants.
HEMOGLOBIN
20. ________________________
Protein that covers the red
blood cells and helps carry oxygen.
Packet 2 - Biochemistry
REACTION
21. Which reaction (B or C) needs more energy to get the reaction to begin?
B
22. The energy needed to start a reaction is calledACTIVATION ENERGY
WITHOUT
23. In the graph, line B represents a reaction progressing _______________
(with/without) an enzyme; however line C represents a reaction
WITH
____________(with/without) an enzyme. Explain why.
ENZYMES LOWER THE ACTIVATION ENERGY. LINE C
NEEDS LESS ENERGY SHOWING THAT AN ENZYME IS
PRESENT.
Packet 2 - Biochemistry
24. Label the numbers on the pH scale below and the
terms weak acid, weak base, strong acid, strong
base and neutral.
NEUTRAL
0-------------------------7------------------------------14
STRONG ACID
WEAK ACID
WEAK BASE
STRONG BASE
25. What substances are found in the blood stream to
prevent changes in pH? BUFFERS
Packet 2 - Biochemistry
26. Below is the picture of an enzymatic reaction.
Identify the parts (A, B, C & D):
A – ENZYME
B–
SUBSTRATE
(REACTANT)
C – ACTIVE
SITE
DPRODUCTS
Packet 2 - Biochemistry
27. Identify two conditions that could change how quickly an
enzyme can do its job.
pH and TEMPERATURE
28. Explain how the above conditions affect an enzyme’s is ability to
do its job.
THE ENZYME CHANGES SHAPE AND
CANNOT FIT WITH THE SUBSTRATE.
29. How do enzymes speed up biological chemical reactions?
 Enzymes increase the energy required for a reaction to occur.
 Enzymes decrease the energy required for a reaction to occur.
 Enzymes have no affect on the energy required for a reaction to
occur.
 Enzymes maintain the energy needed for a reaction to occur.
Packet 2 - Biochemistry
30. In this graph, what is the optimal pH for Gastric protease?
pH 3
31. In this graph, what is the optimal pH for Intestinal protease?
pH 8
32. What happens to the enzyme activity of gastric protease if the pH
starts off at 3.0 and raises to a pH of 8.0 (see the graph).
The enzyme activity decreases because it denatures
(changes shape) and cannot do its job anymore.
33. What happens to the enzyme activity of intestinal protease if the pH
starts off at 3.0 and raises to a pH of 8.0?
The enzyme activity will increase because pH of 8 is the
best temp for this enzyme to function.
Packet 2 - Biochemistry
34. Why would a distance runner consume carbohydrates instead of
proteins before a race?




Carbohydrates provide insulation for heat.
Carbohydrates provide structure for tissues.
Carbohydrates provide genetic material for muscle cells.
Carbohydrates provide energy for endurance.
Packet 2 - Biochemistry
35. Determine which organic compound best matches with each example listed below
(answers may be used more than once).
1.
2.
2.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
_____
A Starch
_____
D RNA
_____
B Triglyceride
_____
A Glycogen
C Insulin
_____
A Cellulose
_____
C Hemoglobin
_____
D DNA
_____
B Fats
_____
C Enzymes
_____
A Glucose
_____
B
_____ Wax
A.Carbohydrate
B. Lipid
C.Protein
D.Nucleic Acid
36. Which compound listed above is a
monomer (only one)?
GLUCOSE
Packet 4: Discovery of the Cell
37. If the R on the above slide was viewed under high power
with the 40x objective lens, what would the total
magnification be if the eyepiece has a magnification of
10 x 40 = 400
10x?
38. While you are looking through the eyepiece you push the
slide on the microscope stage to the right. Which way
will the specimen appear to move in your field of view?
LEFT
39. Draw the image seen on the slide below, as it would
appear in the field of view of a compound light
microscope.
R
R
Benefit of using each microscope
40. What is a benefit of using a compound light
microscope?
Can view living things
41. What is a benefit of using an electron microscope?
Greater detail and magnification
Microscope
G allows light to reflect upward
42. ____
C lenses with varying
43. ____
magnification
44. ____
H regulates amount of light
B platform to support slide
45. ____
I holds and turns objectives
46. ____
A contains lens to look through
47. ____
48. ___
D only used to focus images on the
lowest power
F focuses image under high power
49. ____
only
A. ocular lens /
eyepiece
B. stage
C. objective lens
D. coarse
adjustment
E. base
F. fine adjustment
G. light source
H.diaphragm
I. nosepiece
J. arm
Microscope
50. Identify the parts labeled on the
microscope to the right:
A.
Eyepiece
_____________________________
B.
_____________________________
Revolving Nosepiece
C.
_____________________________
Objective Lens
D.
_____________________________
Stage
E.
Diaphragm
_____________________________
F.
Light Source
_____________________________
G.
_____________________________
Coarse Adjustment Knob
H.
_____________________________
Fine Adjustment Knob
Characteristics of Life
51. Characteristics of Life:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
CELLS
DNA
GROW & DEVELOP
EVOLVE (ADAPTATION)
OBTAIN ENERGY/RELEASE WASTE
MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
REPRODUCE
RESPOND TO STIMULI
GAS EXCHANGE
Packet 4: Discovery of the Cell
52. Put the following terms in order from least to most
complex: organ, cell, organism, organelle, organ system,
tissue
Organelle  Cell  tissue  organ  organ system  organism
53. Which of the above terms is the basic unit of life?
The Cell
54. List the 3 components of the cell theory:
•All living things are made of cells
•Cells are the basic unit of structure & function.
•All cells come from preexisting cells.
Packet 4: Discovery of the Cell
homeostasis
55. Organisms must maintain ________________
by
keeping the internal environment constant. They
must control chemical traffic into & out of the cell
cell membrane
across the ___________________
and the
pH by using buffers.
minimize changes in ____
56. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Prokaryotes
Ribosomes
B. membrane bound
organelles
C. bacteria
D. cell membrane
E. nucleus
F. animals
G. no membrane
bound organelles
H. cytoplasm
I. plants
J. DNA
K. No nucleus
A.
Eukaryotes
ENDOSYMBIOTIC
57. The _________________________________
theory
suggests that the origin of eukaryotic cells comes
from the merging of several prokaryotic cells in a
mutually beneficial relationship.
58. Identify organelles found in the cell seen below:
A – Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
B – Centrioles
E–
F–
G – Golgi apparatus
H–
I–
59. What type of cell is pictured in Question 58? Explain
why you came to this conclusion.
Animal cell because no cell wall, large central
vacuole or chloroplasts.
60. Identify the organelles found in the cell seen below:
A – ____________________________________________
B – ___________________________________________
C – ___________________________________________
D – ___________________________________________
E – ___________________________________________
F – ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
61. It is most likely a PLANT cell… has membrane bound organelles
including a large central vacuole, chloroplasts and a cell wall.
62 Identify at least 3 differences between a plant and an animal cell:
Chloroplasts
no chloroplasts
 Plant cells have __________________animal
cells __________________
Cell Wall
no cell wall
 Plant cells have __________________animal
cells ___________________
Large vacuole
small vacuoles
 Plant cells have __________________animal
cells ___________________
Organelles
Mitochondria
63____________________Converts
chemical energy from food (sugar)
into cell energy in the form of ATP
Cell Wall
64. ____________________Found
outside the cell membrane; provides
support.
Ribosomes
65. ____________________Protein
factory found in all cells
Chloroplast
66. ____________________Converts
solar energy into chemical energy
(food/sugar).
Nucleus
67. ____________________Control
center of the cell which contains the
DNA in eukaryotic cells.
Vacuole
68. ____________________Found
in both plants & animals; in plants it is
the largest organelle & mainly stores water.
Cell membrane
69. ______________________Helps
maintain homeostasis by controlling
what enters and leaves the cell.
70. In multicellular organisms cells often become specialized;
As a result, a single organism may have cells that vary in
shape and structure based on each cell’s
function
__________________.
71. Examples of cells with specialized structures in the human
body include:
 Cells in the windpipe are lined with cilia
_______ to trap
particles in the air and move mucus up and out.
flagella which allow them to swim
 Sperm have __________
through fluid.
Carbohydrate
Phospholipid
Protein
73. Describe the functions of the components of the cell membrane:
•______________________________:
make up a majority of the cell
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
membrane. Has both polar and nonpolar parts to help control what goes in
and out.
BIG THINGS MOVE THRU CELL / RECEIVE SIGNALS
•Proteins:HELPS
________________________________________________________
ID TAG FOR CELL
•Carbohydrates: ___________________________________________________
Packet 3 – Cell Transport
74. Explain what it means when we say that living cells are selectively
They allow some things to pass
permeable? ___________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
through more easily than others.
75. List and describe the three forms of passive transport.
 Diffusion
___________ - movement of small or uncharged solute (or dots) from a
high to low concentration.
Facilitated Diffusion- movement of large or charged solute
 ________________________
across the cell membrane, from a high to low concentration, with the help of
a protein.
 ____________
Osmosis - movement of water across the cell membrane to help the
cell reach equilibrium.
76. Draw the dots in the 3 pictures so that each cell is in the
solution indicated below the pictures.
A. Hypotonic solution
B. Hypertonic solution
C. Isotonic solution
77. Which of the above diagrams (A, B, or C) shows the ideal conditions for a
C
red blood cell? _________
78. Which of the above diagrams (A, B, or C) shows the ideal conditions for a
A
plant cell? _____________
Describe how this benefits the plant.
Water moves into the plant and fills the vacuole
79. Which of the above pictures shows what might occur if a freshwater fish
were placed into a saltwater fish tank? __________
B
80. What might happen to the fish? Explain.
Cells will shrink and fish will die.
81. Draw an arrow on each diagram to indicate the movement of molecules for
the process described below. Be sure to label your arrows with what is
moving.
SOLUTE
(DOTS)
WATER
OSMOSIS
DIFFUSION
SOLUTE
(DOTS)
PUMP
ENERGY
82. Unlike passive transport, ______________________
is
required for active transport in the form of __________.
ATP
83. Distinguish between the terms endocytosis and exocytosis.
ENDOCYTOSIS – INTO CELL
EXOCYTOSIS – OUT OF CELL
84. The process in which ATP is produced without
ANAEROBIC
oxygen is called ________________
FERMENTATION
respiration or ___________________;
In this
2
process _____(#)
ATP can be produced from 1
molecule of glucose.
85. The process in which ATP is produced with
AEROBIC
oxygen is called_________________
36
respiration; In this process ___(#)
ATP can be
produced from 1 molecule of glucose.
Packet 4: Cell Energy
86. Which part of the ATP molecule stores the energy?
The bonds between the
phosphates
87. How is energy released from ATP so the cell can do work?
Break bonds between the
phosphates
88. When ATP releases energy what new molecule(s) is/are
formed? ADP
89. Identify the process utilized by the cells below to produce ATP. Then list
the byproducts they produce WITHOUT oxygen.
alcoholic fermentation.
 Yeast utilize a process called ___________
They use
alcohol & _________________
Carbon dioxide & __
2
sugar and water to produce __________
ATP
Lactic Acid fermentation. They
 Muscle cells utilize a process called _____________
lactic acid & ___
2 ATP
use sugar & water to produce _____________
Packet 5: Cell Energy
90. Fill in the chart
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
(aerobic)
An example of an
organism that utilizes
this process:
Plants
Plants & Animals
Organelle in eukaryotes
where process takes
place
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Reactants (what’s
needed to start the
process)
Sunlight
H20 + CO2
C6H12O6 + O2
C6H12O6 + O2
H20 + CO2
+ 36 ATP
Products
(what the process
makes)
Packet 5: Cell Energy
91. A runner is competing in a 10 km track meet and just before completing the
race, the runner is nearly out of breath and the energy needed to finish the
race. Which cell structure is most affected by this lack of energy?
A. Nucleus
B. Ribosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Plasma membrane
92. How does the process of photosynthesis in plants provide energy for animals?
A. The water and carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis are converted into
glucose and oxygen for animals.
B. The glucose and ATP used in photosynthesis are converted into water and
carbon dioxide for animals.
C. The glucose and carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis are converted into
proteins for animals.
D. The oxygen and glucose produced through photosynthesis are converted
into lipids for animals.
NUCLEOTIDES
93. DNA and RNA are made from many __________________________ joined
together (what are their monomers?) .
94. The shape of each DNA molecule is called a
DOUBLE HELIX
95. Name the 3 parts that make up all nucleotides:
PHOSPHATE, SUGAR AND A NITROGEN BASE
96. Fill in the complementary DNA strand
on the picture to the right. Also circle one
nucleotide.
T
C
97. Being able to determine one side of
DNA from another side is known as the
____________
_____________ Rule.
BASE PAIRING
A
G
98. Two opposing strands of DNA are held together by a weak
HYDROGEN bonds. These bonds are weak so DNA can
_______________________
UNZIP for replication and transcription.
__________________
COMPLEMENTARY
99. The two strands are said to be ___________________________
(Since by
knowing one half you can figure out the other).
100. The process in which DNA makes an exact copy of itself is called
REPLICATION
________________________.
101. Why is it necessary for a cell to make an exact copy of its DNA. What is it
DIVIDE
getting ready to do?_____________________
HELICASE
102. A / An enzyme called ________________________
causes the double stranded DNA to split or “unzip” by
breaking the bonds between the base pairs which.
103. A second enzyme called
POLYMERASE
____________________________________
is
responsible for building the new strand of DNA (and
also checking it for mistakes).
104. Changes or mistakes in DNA are called
MUTATIONS
_____________________________.
DNA vs. RNA
105. List three basic differences between DNA and
RNA:
DEOXYRIBOSE
RIBOSE
 DNA_________________RNA____________________
THYMINE (T)
URACIL (U)
 DNA_________________RNA____________________
2 STRANDS
1 STRAND
 DNA_________________RNA____________________
106. Identify the RNA that would form from the
following strand of DNA:
GCA
T T C
A T G
CGU AAG UAC
107. If the above strand of DNA was changed to:
GCA GTC ATG
CIRCLE THE MUTATION.
 What type of mutation caused this change?
POINT OR SUBSTITUTION
108. Where are the following types of RNA
found in a cell.
 mRNA –
IN NUCLEUS THEN GOES TO
RIBOSOME
 tRNA –
CYTOPLASM AND RIBOSOME
 rRNA -
RIBOSOME
109. Label boxes B & C with the name of the process (translation or
transcription) and A, D & E with the name of the structure (amino acid, DNA,
codon or mRNA)
DNA
Transcription
mRNA
Translation codon
Amino acids
110. Transcription and translation are the two steps
involved in PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
111. Three nucleotides of mRNA are called a/an
CODON
_____________________________________.
112. Three nucleotides of tRNA are called a/an
_______________________________________.
ANTICODON
113. Where are the proteins made in a cell (which
RIBOSOME
organelle)? ______________________________
114. Proteins (or polypeptides) are made out of many
________________________
AMINO ACIDS that are bonded together.
115. When using the amino acid table, the codons that
do not code for an amino acid are called ____________
____________. STOP CODONS
116. What is the purpose of the above codon?
_________________________________________
STOP MAKING THE PROTEIN
117. What type of mutation is most likely to cause the
biggest change in a protein (point of frameshift)?
FRAMESHIFT (INSERTION OR DELETION
B/C ALL THE AMINO ACIDS CHANGE
FROM THE MUTATION ON.
118.
mRNA A U G C G A U U C U G A
Met. - Arg. - Phen. - stop
Cell Cycle
119.
S – synthesis
(DNA
replication
G1-growth
G2-growth
Cell Cycle
Cell Growth & DNA replication
120
121
C
B
A
D
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
122. Label each picture as either meiosis or mitosis
Mitosis
Diploid (4 chromo)
Meiosis
Haploid (2 chromo)
123. Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Description
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Involved in Sexual or Asexual
Reproduction?
ASEXUAL
SEXUAL
At the end of the process, how
does the daughter cell compare to
the parent?
IDENTICAL
DIFFERENT
DIPLOID
HAPLOID
Creates Diploid or Haploid cells?
Does the process increases
genetic variation?
How many cells are produced at
the end?
Describe a human cell that would
be produced by each process
(include information about the
chromosome number)
NO
YES
2
4
SOMATIC, SKIN –
46 CHROMO.
GAMETE – SEX
CELL – 23
CHROMO.
GENETIC DIVERSITY
124
CROSSING OVER
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
RANDOM FERTILIZATION
KARYOTYPE
125
47 – normal = 46
45 – normal = 44
Girl
Trisomy 21 –
Down’s syndrome
126
nondisjunction