Transcript Macromolecules

Chemistry
Notes
Atoms
The nucleus of an
atom includes:
protons and
neutrons.
Electrons orbit the
nucleus in specific
energy levels.
Elements
• The number of protons never changes – this
equals the atomic number.
(If the number of protons changes, it is a
different element.)
• The number of electrons generally equals
the number of protons.
(We won’t worry about
exceptions in this class.)
Atomic Number
Atomic Mass
Chemical Bonds
3 main types of chemical bonds:
Covalent - atoms share electrons equally
Ionic – one atom hogs the electrons from
another (Think of it like a 5-year-old taking
a 3-year-old’s toy and hogging it.)
Macromolecules
Organic vs Inorganic
 Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in
living things
 Large, organic molecules found in living organisms are
called: MACROMOLECULES!
Carbon is phenomenal!
 Carbon has an atomic structure that allows LARGE
molecules to form around it
Monomer
Mono = one
Mere = part
 Sub units that are strung together to create larger
molecules
Polymer
 Poly =many
 Large molecule made up of multiple monomers
Think Pair Share
Create an analogy to explain the
relationship between monomers and
polymers.
Dehydration Synthesis
 Hydro = water
 A reaction that links together monomers
 Removes a –H from one monomer and a –OH from
the other monomer
 Those come together to form a water molecule H2O
 Requires energy to build molecules
Example: Your liver links glucoses together to form a
stable storage molecule called glycogen (aka animal
starch)
Dehydration Synthesis Sucrose
Hydrolysis
 Hydro = water
 Lysis = break
 Breaks down polymers
 Breaks a bond between monomers
 Uses water to add an –H to one monomer and an –OH
to the other
 Releases energy
 Example – salivary amylase breaks starch into
disaccharide sugar in your mouth while you chew
Hydrolysis of Sucrose
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Carbohydrates/Sucrose
Think Pair Share
Draw a Venn Diagram to compare
and contrast Hydrolysis and
Dehydration Synthesis.
Carbohydrates
 Elements: C,H,O in 1:2:1 ratio
 Generally in the shape of a hexagon or pentagon
 Monomer: Monosaccharide (simple sugars - glucose)
 Polymers:
Disaccharide – 2 monosaccharides (complex sugars sucrose)
Polysaccharide – many monosaccharides (starch,
cellulose)
 Names end in –ose
 Ose= sugar
 Sacchar = sugar
Monosaccharides
 Use: quick energy
 Foods: fruits (Fructose), candy (glucose),
milk (Galactose)
 Produced: process of photosynthesis in the organelle
chloroplast
 Your brain runs on glucose!
Simple sugar foods
Disaccharides
 Use: quick energy
 Foods: Table
sugar (sucrose)
Malt sugar (maltose - forms from
breakdown of starches including grains)
Milk sugar (lactose – think lactose
intolerant)
 Produced by plants storing products of
photosynthesis process carried out in the organelle
the chloroplast – think maple syrup
Complex sugar foods
Polysaccharides
 Uses: quick energy, (but more stable to store than
glucose)
and structure (cell walls of plants made of cellulose)
 Foods: Potatoes , bread, pasta (starch), Bran Fiber
(cellulose indigestible for humans)
 Produced by liver from excess blood sugar and
made by plants into cell walls from glucose made
during photosynthesis by the chloroplast
Starchy foods
Carbohydrates are digested in the mouth and small intestine
using amylase.
Amyl = starch
Ase = enzyme (break down)
Construct a Carbohydrate
With a partner use marshmallows and
toothpicks to construct the following
molecules:
1. Monosaccharide
2.Disaccharide
3.Polysaccharide (4 glucoses long)
You must have me check each molecule
before moving on.
Lipids (Oils, Fats, Waxes)
 Elements: C,H,O but NOT in 1:2:1 ratio
 Generally in the shape of a glycerol with one or 2 tails.
 Monomers: Glycerol and Fatty Acid Chains
 Polymers: Triglycerides made from1 glycerol plus 3 fatty
acid chains
Constructing a Triglyceride
Lipids
 Uses: Long term energy storage, cell membranes
(cholesterol and phospholipids),
 Foods: olive oil, avocados, butter, lard, beeswax
 Produced by process of dehydration synthesis in the
organelle smooth ER
 Your body uses it for chemical messengers
(steroids), insulation and padding your organs
Oils VS Fats
 Oils are liquid and fats are solid at room temperature
 Oils are stored in seeds of plants
 Fats are stored under skin or around organs of
animals
Lipids are broken down in the small intestine by lipase and
bile produced by the liver.
Lip = fat (lipid)
Think Pair Share
What types of foods would you eat
to avoid a high fat diet?
Fatty foods
Saturated VS Unsaturated Fats
Unsaturated
fats have one
or more
double bonds
between
carbons so they
do not have all
the possible
hydrogens
Constructing a Lipid
With a partner use orange slices,
licorice and toothpicks to
construct a triglyceride molecule
You must show me your
molecule before you move on.
Proteins
 Elements: C, H, O, N, S, P
 Monomer: Amino Acids (20 different)
 Polymer: Polypeptides that are folded into
proteins
Amino Acid Structure
20 different
amino acids
Proteins
 Uses: Structure of body tissues - muscles,
bones, blood, hair, skin - most of your body
 Foods: Egg whites, meat, fish, beans
 Produced by process of protein synthesis in
the organelle ribosome (made from recipe in
DNA)
Folding a Protein
A – amino acid sequence
-1st level
B/C – amino acids are
twisted or folded – 2nd
level
D – the twisted chain is
folded – 3rd level
E – multiple chains are
arranged together – 4th
level (hemoglobin)
Think Pair Share
What is the difference between
a polypeptide and a protein?
High Protein Foods
Proteins are digested in the stomach by hydrochloric acid
and pepsin.
Construct a Protein
With a partner use Fruit Loops and
string to construct a polypeptide
chain 20 amino acids long.
Then fold up your chain to create a
protein.
Nucleic Acids
 Elements: C,H,O,N,P
 Monomers: Nucleotides
 Nucleotides are made of a phosphate group,
a sugar (deoxyribose DNA or ribose RNA)
and a Nitrogen Base
 Nucleotides: adenine, thymine, guanine,
cytosine, (uracil)
 Polymers: DNA, RNA
Nucleotide Structure
Nucleic Acids
 Uses: DNA carries genetic information and
directions to make proteins
RNA makes proteins and is the structure of the
ribosome
 Produced by the process of DNA replication in
the nucleus from existing DNA
Nucleic acids are digested in the small intestines
by nucleases.
x
DNA to Protein