Transcript Proteins
PROTEINS June 2, 2016 A. Functions 1. 2. Building Blocks a. Used as structural components of many cells (i.e. Muscle cells) Enzymes a. Catalyze chemical reactions (change substrates into products) b. They can become Denatured: when they lose their function and shape in extreme conditions 1. Examples: milk souring, cooking eggs Enzyme Image Active Site Substrate Enzyme EnzymeSubstrate Complex Enzyme Products B. Structure 1. Made up of monomer units called… Amino Acids a. Bonded together through the process of….. b. Dehydration Synthesis Break polymers up through process of… Hydrolysis A D B C Macromolecule Units Review Monomer Smallest unit of macromolecule Polymer Formed when many monomers bond How do you make Macromolecules? Dehydration Synthesis Polymers are formed by removing water from monomers How do you break a macromolecule? Hydrolysis Polymers are broken apart by adding water to break up into monomers Amino Acid Structure 2. Each amino acid has a different combination of elements labeled simply as its “R Group” a. 20 different kinds b. Have a R-group that varies with each one c. Can connect amino acids with peptide bond C. 4 Levels of Structure 1. Primary Structure a. A chain of amino acids 1. Bonds between amino acids are called peptide bonds 2. This chain is called a polypeptide chain 4 Levels of Structure (cont.) 2. Secondary Structure a. Arrangement of polypeptide chains into different formations 1. Alpha helix: Coil or corkscrew formation 2. Beta Sheet: Pleats or folds 3. Random Coils 4 Levels of Structure (cont.) 3. Tertiary Structure a. 3-D folding of secondary structures b. Two secondary structures bonded together c. At this stage it is a functional protein 4 Levels of Structure (cont.) 4. Quaternary Structure a. Tertiary proteins bond with each other, so you have a group of proteins bonded together b. Example: Hemoglobin