Transcript Chapter 19 - The Ohio State University

Feedstuffs
(1)
• More than 2000 different products have
been characterized to some extent for
animal feeds
• A Great Book -Morrison’s
Feeds and Feeding (1940s-50s)
High-Moisture Forages
Permanent pasture & range plants
Temporary pasture plants (example: Turnips)
Green chop
Cannery & food residues
Silages
Corn
Sorghum
Grass
Grass-legume
Legume (e.g. alfalfa, sweet clover, clovers)
Hay
Legume
Nonlegume (primarily grasses)
Cereal crop hays (e.g. Wheat, oat, etc.
Roughages
Straw & chaff
Other products with >18% crude fiber
Fodder, stover
Corn cobs
Sorghum
Cottonseed hulls
Grass
Cottongin trash
Grass-legume
Many others
Energy Concentrates
Cereal grains (Wheat, Oats, Spelt, etc.)
Brewery byproducts
Milling by products (from above)
Misc.
Molasses (Beet and Sugarcane)
Waste from food processing
Seed and mill screenings
Cull fruits, vegetables, nuts
Beet and citrus pulps
Garbage
Animal and vegetable fats
Roots and Tubers (potatoes for one)
Whey
Bakery waste
Protein Concentrates
Oil meals
Cottonseed, soybean, linseed,
safflower, sunflower, canola
Animal meat or meat & bone meals
Marine meals (fish meal)
Milling byproducts
Distiller and brewers grains
Dehydrated legumes (Dehy)
Single cells (yeast, bacteria algae)
NPN (urea, biuret, ammonia)
Nonnutritive Additives
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Antibiotics
Antioxidants
Buffers (Na bicarb)
Colors & flavors
Probiotics
Forage and Roughage
• Often used interchangeably
• Generally more than 18% fiber
• Can be fairly nutritious in vegetative
(young) state
• Quality reduces with maturity
• Ruminants, horses, rabbits…..
• Swine can use a little
Nature of Roughages & Forages
• Roughage is bulky
• Generally > 18% CF but there are
exceptions (highly variable)
– Corn silage: > 18% CF but DE > 70%
– Lush spring grass
– Soybean hulls,
high fiber but
high DE
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Lignin/Maturity
Leaf Loss
Digestibility
• Legumes may contain 20% CP (1/3 in NPN)
• Straw – 3-4% CP
• Good sources of Ca and K
(my opinion, some excess K)
Moderate to low on P
How improve Digestibly of
Low Q roughage
• Supplementation (mainly protein)
• Grind/Chop it particle size surface area
Factors Affecting Forage
Composition
• Stage of Maturity – older less digestible
• Fertilization – can improve but above more impt.
• Harvest and Storage Methods
– Sun bleaching affect carotenes (vit A)
– Rain lose CHO (leaves), more loss on bottom
Pasture & Grazed Forage
See handout Forage Types & Heights
• Grasses
– Cool season grasses – best in spring/fall
– Warm season grasses – best in summer
• Legumes
• Forbs – broadleaf, nonwoody plants
• Browse – Woody plants consume by some
(e.g. deer & cedar elm)
Grasses
• Normally safe regrowth
• Exception sorghum (HCN toxicity)
Cereal Grains
• Can be used for grazing (vegetative growth
stage)
• Wheat, barley, oats, and rye.
• Pasture winter, early spring – can still get
grain crop
Miscellaneous Forage
Plants
• Cabbage family (Brassicas)
• Kale, cabbage and rape (rape in fall for
sheep)
• The root crops such as beets &
turnips -cattle can pull them out)
Harvested Dry Forage
• Hays (usually less than 15% moisture
• Green chop
• Haylage (grass from of silage)
Staws, Chaff & cobs
• Straw
• Chaff small particles from the seed head
– Wheat, barley, rye, rice, and oats
• New combines take corn off the cob in field
– Cob corn is rather hard to find.
Straw
• Ohio – bedding
• Dakotas – feed (up to 40-50% of gestating
beef cow diet)
• High heat increment
Hot Feeds –
Heat Increment
• Hot feed (e.g. corn), Low HI
– See snow on their backs
• Cool Feed (e.g. straw), higher HI
– No snow on their backs
Harvested HighMoisture Forages
• Green Chop – cut & chopped in field and
then fed to the animals.
– Legumes, sudan grass, etc.
• More useable nutrients can be used per unit
of land
• Have to do every day.
• Can work well with blends of silage or hay
Silage
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Chopped
Stored aerobically
Need Lactic Acid produced.
Need CHO for acid production
Can cut nitrate content (drought situations)
Silage Additives
• Formaldehyde
• Organic acids (propionic acid)
Silage (cont.)
• Most commonly used with high
producing animals.
• Ensiling (3 weeks) required energy.
• Therefore some energy loss
Silage
Can use
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Corn
Sorghum
Alfalfa
Weeds & etc.
The more energy the easier it is.
Ensiling Process
• Plant enzymes still active first few days
• Optimum temperatures 80-1000 F
• Some plant proteins broken down to
NPN and Amino Acids
• Anaerobic microbes
– CHO
Latic Acid + Acetic, formic,
propionic and butyric acids
• pH 4: Corn silage
• pH 4.5: Alfalfa Haylage
Moisture of Silage
• If silage too wet or
CHO: pH not this low
– Development of clostridia bacteria
– Becomes rotten, smells bad
• Too dry, does not pack, O2 present
– Molds produced & maybe toxic
Moisture
• DM of about 35% and soluble CHO of 68%
• Grass, legumes silage usually wilted before
ensiling
– Brings down moisture
• Not wilted
silage additives or
Pearson Square!! (add some dry feed)
Storage type and moisture content to minimize leaching
Stave silo (upright)
Oxygen limiting (upright)
Stacks
Bunker
Bags
Balage
58% - 68%
47% - 57%
66% - 70%
65% - 70%
56% - 62%
55% - 68%
Silage Losses
• Gaseous losses of 5-30%
• Dry matter less than 30%
– Moisture/energy leaving/leaking/leaching
• Mold (many times on outside)
• Example alfalfa hayage: 4-12% ensiling
losses
• Include field losses…..20-25% of DM lost
Grass-legume Silage
• Consumption nearly always lower as silage
as compared to feed as hay
• Usually high protein (20%)
• Moderate energy
• Therefore add grain or dilute protein with
lower quality roughage
Grass-legume silage
• Retention of N and efficiency of utilization
of N generally lower with silage than with
dry crops
• More NPN present
Corn and Sorgum Silage
• Corn plant 50% corn grain
on a DM basis
Normaly need to suppl. Energy and protein
Sometimes add limestone (0.5-1%)
or urea (0.5-1%)
Sorghum somewhat lower in nutritive value
Can ensile other things a well
High Energy Feedstuffs
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Cereal Grains
Milling by-products
Liquid feeds (Molasses, Glycerin)
Fats and oils
There are others
Cereal Grains
• Cereal grains aere produced by members of
the grass family (Gramineae) grown
primarily for their seeds.
• USDA Ag Statistics
http://www.nass.usda.gov/
Corn Use
• Popped corn, corn flakes, corn flour, corn
starch, corn syrup, or corn oil
(this does not equal what is used for animal feed)
• Corn accounts for about 75% of total grain
used for animals
Others
• Wheat and rice – primarily for human use
– Animal use of wheat – when price favorable
• Barley, Oats – Used for feed but there is a
human demand as well
• Millet, Rye – some used not a lot of acerage
• Triticale (cross of wheat-rye)
Drought
• Smaller kernels
• Less starch
• Higher concentration of protein
triticale
triticale
Cereal Grain Nutrient Content
• Less variable than forages but still variable
• 8-15% CP (but varies), 85-90% in form of
proteins
• Most are moderately low in lysine,
tryptophan (corn), threonine (sorghum &
rice) and in methionine(for poultry)
Corn,
Dent
Wheat,
Hard
Winter
Wheat,
Soft
White
Rice,
with
Hulls
Rye
Barley
Oats
Sorgh
um
(Milo)
CP, %
10.4
14.2
11.7
8.0
13.4
13.3
12.8
12.4
EE, %
4.6
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8
2.0
4.7
3.2
CF, %
2.5
2.3
2.1
8.8
2.6
6.3
12.2
2.7
Starch,
%
72.2
63.4
67.2
63.8
64.6
41.2
70.8
Ceral Grains
• CHO in kernal – primarily starch
• Size of starch granules varies from grain to
grain
• Most hulls (seed coats) must be broken
Acidosis-Most important nutritional
disorder in feedlot cattle
Type of Feed
Bunk Management and bunk space
Corn (Maize)
• Can produce more digestible nutrients per
unit of land area than any other grain.
• 230 bushels per acre, average-Iowa
Corn Protein
• Zein, a protein in the endosperm, ½ total
protein in kernel – low lysine & tryptophan
(and others)
• N Fertilization: Protein Content,
Protein Quality (Zein)
Corn Energy
• The standard by which other grains compared
TDN
TDN
ME
NEg
DP
Cattle
Swine
Chickens
Cattle
Corn
100
100
100
100
100
Barley
91
88
77
95
131
Milo
88
96
103
83
95
Oats
83
79
74
77
132
Wheat
97
99
90
96
152
• White & Yellow Corn
– Yellow, more carotene &
xanthophylls, vitamin A precursors
• Low B vitamins & Devoid Vit D
• Low Ca, P relatively high
• P low avail to monogastrics
– Much P in form of phytic acid P
Varieties of Corn
• Opaque-2 (mutant, higher in lysine and
most other Aas)
• Less zein and more glutelin
• Yields not equivalent to regular corn
• Market does not pay more for Opaque-2
• Other mutants, high fat, high-amylose, and
brown midrib
Grain Sorghum
Sorghum vulgare
Grain Sorghum
Milo
• Handles heat and dry better than some other
grains
• Yield less than corn
• Seed is hard, requires processing
• Sorghum varieties – milo, varioius kafirs, sorgo,
sumac, millet, hegari, darso, feterita, and cane.
• Grain vs. forage sorghum (grain, milo – shorter, more
grain)
Milo
• Lysine and threonine most limiting Aas
• Some bird resistant varietiers (high tannin)
not well liked by most animals
• Swine: Should be ground just finely enough
so that there are no, or very few, whole
kernels (fine grinding versus dust)
• Responds well to steam processing
Wheat
Triticum spp.
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Not intentionally grown for animals
• Worldwide – 20% grown used for animals
• Hard winter > protein than soft white
• Fast fermenting grain, don’t over process.
– Ruminats – limit amount, acidosis
• Have to watch Ca:P ratio
Barley
Hordeum vulgare or H. distichon
Barley
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BEER (Malt)!!!!!!!!!
• Lower DE than Corn, more protein
• Hulless varieties comparable to corn (little grown)
• Coarse processing works well, can’t feed
whole (prefer rolling over grinding, cattle)
Avena sativa
Oats
• 4.5% of total world production of cereal
grains
• Protein & AA better than corn
• Hull makes it less attractive for
monogastrics
• Favored feed among horse owners
• Like to feed to cattle but usually too
expensive
• Oat groats (seed minue hull = corn)
Triticale
Triticale
• Hybrid = wheat x rye
• Similar in energy to corn for swine
• Protein content similar to wheat
Buckwheat
Buckwheat
Fagopyrum esculentum
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Primary for human consumption
11% protein
High in lysine
Mix with other grains (too much, soft pork)
Grain, green fodder, and straw can
sometimes cause eruptions on the skin or
itching behavior (white areas, photosensitive)