Transcript Chem of Life New notes

Chemistry of Life
Inorganic Compounds- compounds that don’t contain
carbon
•except CO2
•sand, minerals, soil, stone, blood salts
•Living things contain large amounts of inorganic substances
Organic Compounds- carbon-containing compounds
•carbon forms very stable bonds
Polymerization- large carbon compounds(polymers) are
formed by joining together smaller compounds (monomers)
•a way to form complex molecules
•alphabet example (26 letters, makes may words)
Main Elements in Living Organisms
Element
Sources
Macromolecule
Carbon (C)
Food
Carbs, Fats, Proteins
Oxygen (O)
Food, Air, Water
Carbs, Fats, Proteins
Hydrogen (H)
Food, Water
Carbs, Fats, Proteins
Nitrogen (N)
Food
Proteins
Phosphorus (P)
Food
ATP, DNA,RNA
Sulfur, Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium, Silicon, Fluorine, Calcium
Why is Ca in front of P on this chart?
Macromolecules Concept Map
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Go to
Section:
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
Major Chemical Compounds of Life
Compound- combination of 2 or more different atoms
1 Water- H2O- one of a few liquids at normal pressures and temps. Hg also.
- most common reactions in the body involve adding or removing water
A Cohesion- same molecules attracted to each other ex: surface
tension, capillary action
B Adhesion- - different kinds of molecules are attracted to each other
-water molecules to cellulose in the xylem of trees
cohesion and adhesion animation
2 Carbon Dioxide- CO2 – toxic to us, conc. Above 20% can kill you (canary in
the coal mine? CO)
3 Ammonia- NH3 – Toxic to us, Amino groups are turned into ammonia, which in turn
is converted to urea, dumped into the blood and concentrated by the kidneys.
4 Sodium Chloride- NaCl- electrolyte that regulates water balance, pH, and osmotic
pressures
Water Transport animation
Carbohydrates- made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
•CH2O
3 Classes
•saccharide means sugar
•Monosaccharide- simple sugars, most are sweet tasting and
dissolve easily (ribose, deoxyribose, glucose, galactose,
fructose, ribulose, xylose)
•main fuel for cellular activities
•Disaccharide- short chain of two or more sugars that are bonded
together by dehydration synthesis (lactose, sucrose, maltose)
•Polysaccharide- complex carbohydrates, long chains (a few hundred to
a few thousand monosac.) (starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin)
•starch is made entirely of glucose, broken down by hydrolysis
•glycogen- made of glucose, in animals stored in our liver and muscles,
branches frequently
•glucagon- pancreatic hormone that breaks down glycogen, acts opposite
of insulin
•cellulose- most abundant organic compound on Earth
•polymer of glucose
•very difficult to hydrolyze by most animals
•commonly known as undigestible fiber (colon health)
•Chitin- found in exoskeletons of many insects, cell walls of fungi (makes
fresh mushrooms crisp)
The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls
Starch and cellulose molecular models
 Glucose
 Glucose
Cellulose
Starch
Dehydration Synthesis- (Builds) linking of monomers together with
the removal of a water molecule
(glucose + glucose= maltose)
(glucose+fructose=sucrose)
Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis
animation
One reason why water is important on a daily basis
Hydrolysis-(Tears apart) reverse of dehydration synthesis, adding water
to break bonds (digestion)
Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis animation
Lipids-mostly nonpolar (hydrophobic)
•Oils are a type of fat made from glycerol and fatty acids
•greasy and oily to the touch
•used for stored energy 9cal/gram.
3 functions of lipids
1 store energy – (adipose tissue slide)
2 build membranes- cellular
3 chemical messengers- mylen sheath
around nerve cells
Triglycerides- means fat
- 3 fatty acids (tri) bonded to a glycerol
•unsaturated- fatty acids with double
bonds
•liquid at room temp.
•kinks in structure prevent solidification
•corn oil, olive oil, vegetable oil, most plant
fats
•saturated- fats with the maximum number
of hydrogens
•most animal fats, butter, lard
•- solids at room temp
“HYDORGENATED VEGETABLE
OILS” (AKA Trans fat)
(margarine) unsaturated fats
that have been converted to
saturated fats by adding
Hydrogen
-Break down HDL and raises LDL
-Heart disease will follow
2 Waxes•one fatty acid linked to an alcohol
•firm and repel water (hydrophobic)
•cutin- makes up most of the cuticles that cover plant parts
•birds- wax secretions help keep feathers dry
• Phospholipids- structurally similar to fats but also contain a
phosphorus and only have 2 fatty acid chains instead of 3
•major component of cell membranes- tail is hydrophobic and the head
is hydrophilic
Head
•- lethicin- most common, nontoxic metabolized surfactant (food
additive from soybean oil)
Benefits of Lecithin
cardiovascular health
liver and cell function
fat transport and fat
metabolism
Tail cell communication
improvement in memory,
learning and reaction time
healthy hair and skin
•Proteins- most diverse of all biological molecules, composed of amino acids
7 Classes
1 Enzymes- help speed up chemical reactions (catalyst) without itself being
changed
Examples in our bodies
- protease- breaks down proteins in meat,nuts,eggs,cheese
- pepsin- breaks down proteins to peptides
- peptidase- breaks down peptides to amino acids
- carbonic anhydrase- speeds up transfer of CO2 to blood from cells (107
times)
Amino acidsmonomers of proteins
- 20 AA make many
different kinds of
proteins
- 9 are considered
essential (must get from
the diet)
-the shape determines
the function of the
protein
Hydrogen Peroxide

(2) Water + Oxygen
At which pH does catalase work the best?
•structural- build feathers, bones, cartilage, webs,
Keratin- makes up hair and nails
•Collagen- makes up bone
and cartilage
•transport- move molecules across
cell membranes,
hemoglobin-moves oxygen to our
body
Insulin- controls glucose
metabolism
•contractile- provide muscular movement (actin
and myosin- slide filament theory of contractions)
•storage- (egg white)(ovalbium) source of AA for embryo
•defensive- antibodies, blood clotting
•signal- hormones
Denaturation- polypeptide chains unravel and lose their
shape and function (frying an egg) clear proteins are
denatured and they get white (useless)
animation
Nucleotides- small organic
compounds with a sugar, a
phosphate group and a base
ATP