Transcript Extraction of Edible Leaf Protein Concentrate from Water Hyacinth

Extraction of Edible Leaf Protein
Concentrate from Water Hyacinth
Oyeyemi Adeyemi
Federal University of Petroleum Resources,
PMB 1221, Effurun. Delta State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
• Water hyacinth (Eichhonia crassipes) is one of
the aquatic weeds.
• It infests rivers, dams, lakes and irrigation
channels on every continent except
Antarctica.
• The coverage of water ways by water hyacinth
devastates aquatic environment and costs
billions of dollars every year as control costs
and economic losses.
ABSTRACT
• In these days of diminishing natural resources, it
has become necessary to investigate the existing
resources in water hyacinth for production of
food, food additives, pharmaceuticals and raw
materials for agro-allied industries.
• The aim of this study was to convert water
hyacinth from an environmental nuisance to a
natural resource that is in high demand.
• Edible form of water hyacinth leaf protein
concentrate (WHLPC) was extracted.
ABSTRACT
• The physicochemical characteristics, total
alkaloids and phenolic compounds of the WHLPC
were determined.
• Proximate composition and amino acid profile of
the WHLPC were analyzed and the LD50
evaluated.
• The WHLPC was used to formulate feed using
different concentrations (7.73, 15.46, 23.19, and
30.92) %w/w.
• A control feed was formulated with soybean
(15.46%w/w) in place of WHLPC.
ABSTRACT
• The resulting feeds were fed to different groups
of rats over a period of twenty (20) weeks and
the growth was monitored.
• Growth response curve of rats placed on
formulated feed showed positive slope.
• At the end of the experiment, rats in various
groups gained weight, gain in body weight
measured in Control rats (55.35 g), WHLPC1 rats
(57.75 g) were not significantly different (p>0.05).
• Data revealed that WHLPC is a potential raw
material for food and beverages industry.
Study Area
• . The study area (River Ijana) is located within
longitude 5.540E and 5.70W and latitude
5.310N and 5.60S as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Map of Warri Showing the Sample Collection Area (River Ijana)
Extraction of WHLPC
• The method described by Wenbiao and
Yanling (2010) was modified and used.
• The water hyacinth leaves collected from Ijana
River were thoroughly washed in water, and
blanched for 5mins with 5% acetic acid, in a
heating mantle.
• The leaves were then rinsed in de-ionized
water and allowed to dry at room
temperature.
Extraction of WHLPC
• Furthermore, the leaves were soaked in 95%
ethanol for 6hrs to remove the fat and then
dried in an incubator at 45°C to obtain the
water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate
(WHLPC).
• The now formed water hyacinth leaf protein
concentrate (WHLPC) was ground in a Teflon
base grinder and stored in an air tight
container, for further analysis.
Other methods
• Heavy metal analysis of WHLPC was done with an
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS),
using the American Public Health association
(APHA, 1995) guidelines.
• Concentration total alkaloids of WHLPC was
determined by the method described by Harbone
(1973).
• The proximate analysis of water hyacinth leaves
was carried out according to the method
described by AOAC (2005).
Table 1: Ingredient composition (%) of the experimental diets
Group
Corn
starch
Protein
sources
Soy oil
Control
WHLPC1
WHLPC2
WHLPC2
WHLPC3
60
60
60
60
60
15.46*
7.73
15.46
23.19
30.92
8
8
8
8
8
Fish meal Vitamins
+
Minerals
15.22
1.32
22.71
1.32
15.22
1.32
7.49
1.32
0.00
1.32
WHLPC – Water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate
*Soy protein
Table 2: Heavy metal composition of Water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate
Metal
Concentration
*Upper limit
(mg/kg)
(mg/kg)
Cd
0.02±0.001
0.05
Cr
0.13±0.001
1.0
Pb
0.001±0.00
0.1
Pt
0.001±0.00
0.1
Pd
0.003±0.001
0.1
Sn
0.001±0.00
0.1
Fe
0.001±0.00
5.0
Mn
0.001±0.00
0.05
Cu
0.001±0.00
0.5
Zn
0.001±0.00
24.0
Ni
0.001±0.00
0.5
Co
0.001±0.00
1.0
*Source: WHO (1989)
Table 3: Proximate composition of Water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate
Nutrient
Concentration (%)
Protein
56.38±2.15
Fat
4.11±0.55
Ash
4.88±0.24
Fibre
1.02±0.05
Carbohydrate
33.61±1.55
Each value represents mean ± SEM of five determinations.
Table 3.3: Amino Acid composition of Water hyacinth leaf
protein concentrate
Amino Acid
Concentration
FAO STANDARD
(g/100g)
(g/100g)
Alanine
3.20±0.15
NA
Arginine
3.80±0.23
NA
Aspartic acid
4.96±0.25
NA
Cysteine
0.72±0.01
NA
Glutamic acid
6.04±0.52
NA
Glycine
3.00±0.12
NA
Histidine
1.10±0.09
NA
Leucine
5.01±0.35
4.8
Lysine
3.72±0.48
4.2
Methionine
1.34±0.08
2.2
Phenylalanine
3.67±0.22
2.8
Proline
2.72±0.11
NA
Serine
2.52±0.15
NA
Threonine
2.60±0.17
2.8
Tyrosine
2.20±0.13
2.8
Valine
2.81±0.11
4.2
Each value represents mean ± SEM of five determinations.
NA: Not Available
Table 4: Total Alkaloids and phenolic content of Water hyacinth
leaf protein concentrate
Phytochemical
Concentration (mg/kg)
Total alkaloid
16.6±0.2
Phenolic compounds
6.0±0.1
Each value represents mean ± SEM of five determinations.
Table 5: Results of LD50 test of Water hyacinth leaf
protein concentrate
Dose
Short-term
Long-term
Rat ID
(g/kg.bw)
result (48 h)
result (12 days)
A
3.25
Survival
survival
B
8.37
Survival
survival
C
17.51
Survival
survival
D
21.50
Survival
survival
77
67
Weight (g)
57
I
47
II
III
IV
37
V
27
17
WK0
WK5
WK10
WK15
WK20
Period (Weeks)
Figure 2. presents the growth response of rats placed on feed
formulated with water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate (WHLPC)
over a period of twenty weeks.
CONCLUSION
• Experimental evidence from the present study
revealed that;
• Water hyacinth is a good source of leaf protein
concentrate
• The water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate
(WHLPC) is nutritious as evidenced by
proximate composition
CONCLUSION
• WHLPC contains alkaloids and phenolic
compounds at physiologic amounts
• WHLPC is not acutely toxic as revealed by the
studies on LD50
• WHLPC supports normal growth in rats and
compared favourably with soybean