Transcript Lecture II
Lecture II
5- collection of fraction and visualization
Fraction could be collected based on
1- fixed volume
2- specified time
Similar compound are bulked together
Detection of the bands could be
On column detection
- coloured compounds
- Using UV
Out of column detection
-Fractions are collected and subjected to
UV light
- Colour reagent for fraction or its TLC
Factors affecting column efficiency
1- Column dimensions
2- Adsorbent
3- Mobile phase
4- Sample loading
5- Temperature
Applications of column
chromatography
1- purification of natural compounds
isolated from the plants
2- separation of end products in
organic synthesis
3- sample preparation for
other
sophisticated equipment (HPLC, GC)
4- preparative scale of wide array of
natural products of plants origin e.g.
alkaloids,
flavonoids,
cardiac
glycosides
II- Planar chromatography
A- Thin layer chromatography
It is the simplest chromatographic technique
TLC involves:
a- selection of stationary phase
b- selection of mobile phase
c- sample loading
d- layer development
e- visualization
f- identification of the isolated compounds
g- preparative TLC
h- Applications of TLC
Selection of stationary phase and
layer preparation
-particle size (1-25 um are
recommended for TLC
-binder are often included
- stationary phases are available as
bulk powder
Cellulose
/a
lu
lic
a
Si
Polar
inorganic
Polar
organic
al
co
ar
Ch
m
in
a
Stationary phase
ce
ll u
los
e
non Polar
inorganic
ac
eta
te
non Polar
organic
Application of some selected
adsorbents
1- Silica gel: alkaloids, amino acids,
steroids
2- Mg silicate mainly for lipid
separation
3- Alumina: alkaloids, steroids,
carotene
4- Polyamide; mainly or flavonoids
5- Cellulose powders; for alkaloids,
amino acids and food dyes
Binder
These are substances incorporated with the
adsorbent to help binding the adsorbent to the
plate and to produce relatively durable abrasion
resistant layer
E.g. Gypsum (CaSO4), silicon dioxide, starch
Home made TLC
a- adsorbent, wetting solvent, glass or plastic foil
b- preparation of the layer
Silica + distilled water. shack to give slurry then
spread over glass plate.........dry at room temp.
Then activation by heat at 110-120 c for 1-2hrs
4- Pre-coated TLC
These are commercial ready to use plates,
available in different thickness 1-2 mm for
analytical and preparative
Advantages of pre-coated TLC
- do not need activation
- ready
RF is guaranteed
5- Modified silica
Silica is subjected to pre-treatment to be used
for separation of certain substances
- CuSO4 (amines)
DMF (tetrahydrocannabinol)
AgNO3 (for compound have difference in number
, position of =)
C- Selection of mobile phase
Depend on solute character
D- Sample application
a- Manual by capillary
b- Automatic applicator
Sample is applied as spot or line at 1.5 cm
distance away from the lower edge and 1cm
away from side edge
E- Forms of plate development
Development in TLC is a term describing the
process in which the developing solvent runs
through the sorbing layer thereby spreading the
sample
In column
- linear mode is only possible
In TLC/PC
Linear, radial,
horizontal
TLC
Linear
Single
Radial
Horizontal
Continuous
Multiple
Two dimension
One dimension
Isocratic
Gradient
A- linear regular development ascending
movement solvent
B- multiple development
-to obtain better separation of complex
mixtures.
the development can be performed either
with one solvent system in several runs or with
different systems, the plate (chromatogram)
should be dried after each development
process.
to increase the resolution & the accuracy of the
separation process.
C- continuous development
In this case solute with low RF value can
migrate to the top
D- Two dimensional TLC
The development is carried on a rectangular sheet, the
sample is spotted to one of the corners & the 2′nd
development is carried out at right angle to the direction of
the first run, development maybe performed either with
identical systems in both directions, or with 2 different
systems, this method is used for the separation of complex
substances.
E- horizontal run
F- visualization of chromatogram
Visualization
universal
biological
specific
enzymatic detection
irreversible formation
of coloured derivative
destructive
non destructive
use of corrosive
UV
material as H2SO4 water spray for saponin
Some visualizing agents
Aniline phthalate...........reducing sugars
Dragendorff`s..................alkaloids
FeCl3.....................phenolic compounds
Ninhydrin...................amino acid, amino
sugars
Anisaldehyde H2SO4......terpene, sterols,
sugars
Identification of the separated
substances
By comparison of RF with authentic sample
RF= distance travelled by solute/
Distance travelled by solvent
Factors affecting RF value
1- choice of adsorbent
2- choice of mobile phase
3- volume of sample to be spotted
4- temperature
Preparative TLC ( PTLC)
A- layer and sample
Layer thickness increase (double)
Application of sample in form of
bands with or without possible
multiple development
Operating condition the same as TLC
B- Visualization of PTLC
Non destructive method
- UV light
For non uv absorping compounds there are
several alternative method
- water spray method
- edge spray method
C- recovery of the sample
-Sample is scraped off plate by the spatula
-Solute is extracted with the least volume of
solvent (acetone or ethanol or chloroform)
- Filter
Applications of TLC
1- detection and monitoring compound
through a separation process
2-qualitative and initial screening of
plant extract
3- in field of natural products
separation
-opium alkaloids, cannabis, ipeca,
cinchona,
glycosides,............................
Thank you
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