Transcript pH and Biomolecules/Macromolecules

Many solutes readily dissolve in
water because of water’s polarity
Acids1.
a substance that
releases a hydrogen
ion (H+) when
dissolved in water
2. The more (H+)
hydrogen ions a
substance releases,
the more acidic the
solution is
Bases
1.
A substance that
releases hydroxide ions
(OH-) when dissolved
2. The more (OH-)
hydroxide ions a
substance release, the
more basic the solution
is
pH and Buffers
 The majority of biological processes carried out by
cells occur between pH 6.5 - 7.5
 pH
a. the measure of concentrations of H+ ions in a
solution
b. pure water is neutral and has a value of 7
c. acidic has an abundance of H+ and pH values lower
than 7
d. basic has an abundance of OH- and pH values of
higher than 7
pH and Buffers
 Buffers
a. Mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the
pH within a particular range
b. To maintain homeostasis it is important to control
H+ levels
Acids have more…
A. H+ ions
B. OH- ions
C. H- ions
D. OH+ ions
What do buffers do?
A. Make things more acidic
B. Make things more basic
C. Maintain homeostasis
D. Control pH within a particular range
E. Both C&D
Bases have more….
A. H+ ions
B. OH- ions
C. H- ions
D. OH+ ions
Importance of Carbon- Although a
cell is composed of 70-95% water most
of the rest is carbon-based compounds.
Structure of Carbon
Atom # 6: 6 protons & 6
electrons; 2 in first shell & 4 in
second
2. has 4 valance electrons- so can
make four covalent bonds
3. can also form bonds w/other
carbon atoms
4. compounds with carboncarbon bonds called organic
1.
Macromolecules
 are large molecules that are formed by joining smaller
molecules together
1. Polymers
a.
these are large molecules made up of similar or
identical building blocks
Monomers
2.
a.
are the building blocks or sub units of polymers
3. Biomolecules are Classes of macromolecules
a. carbohydrates
b. Lipids
c. Proteins
d. nucleic acids
Mono = __________
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. Many
Poly = _________
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. Many
Macro = ________
A. Small
B. Big
C. Many
D. Life
Di = ________
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. Many
Carbohydrates
A. Elements: C, H, O, always a 2:1 ratio of H atoms to O
B.
C.
D.
E.
atoms (2H:1O)
Monomer: monosaccharide
Function: immediate and stored energy; building
material
Where found in body: bloodstream, liver; cell walls
of plants & fungus
Food source: sugar & starches
Carbohydrate
Examples:
Monosaccharides: (one sugar)
1.



glucose (C6H12O6)- preferred energy molecule for most
organism; including humans
galactose- one component of milk
fructose- found in some fruits
Carbohydrate
Examples:

Disaccharides: two monosaccharides
bonded together
2.
sucrose- table sugar: glucose + fructose
 lactose- milk sugar:
glucose + galactose

Carbohydrate
Examples:
3. Polysaccharides: many monosaccharides bonded
together; two groups
a. Storage Polysaccharides: long polymers
of glucose; broken down for needed energy
 Glycogen- Storage of glucose in animals
Stored in liver & muscles
 Starch-Storage of glucose in plants.
Humans can break down to glucose for
energy
Carbohydrate
Examples:
B. Structural Polysaccharides: used for
building materials
 Cellulose - component of plant cell
walls human unable to break down
important source of fiber in our diet
 Chitin - Component of fungal cell
walls. Component of insect and other
arthropod exoskeletal
Lipids: (waxy, fatty or oily compounds)
A. Elements: C, H, O, many more H than in a carb.
B. Monomer: glycerol & fatty acids
C. Function: energy storage; insulation; cushioning
D. Where found in body: cell membrane; innermost
layer of skin; surrounding some organs
E. Food Source: butter, shortening, olive oil, ect.
Lipid
Examples:
1. Fats & Oils
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
all have 3 fatty acid tails
fats solid at room temperature
oils liquid at room temperature
saturated fats- no carbon-carbon double
bonds
unsaturated fats- at least one carbon-carbon
double bonds
saturated fats linked to heart disease
Lipid
Examples:
2.
Phospholipids
a. found in every living cell membrane
Lipid
Examples:
3. Steroids
a. used for hormone production
b. used for animal cell structure
c. Ex. Cholesterol
Proteins
A. Elements: C, H, O, N
B. Monomer: amino acids, only 20 different amino
acids combine in different numbers, patterns, &
arrangement
C. Function: support, structure, protection,
movement, metabolism
D. Where found in body: muscles, hair, skin,
enzymes
E. Food Source: meats, peanuts, eggs
Protein
Examples:
1. Enzymes
a.
b.
c.
d.
biological catalysts that trigger chemical
reactions
lower the activation energy of a reaction
could not maintain homeostasis without
them
Only affective in a narrow temperature and
pH range
Nucleic Acids
A. Elements: C, H, O, N, P
B. Monomer: nucleotide
C. Function: genetic instructions &
usable energy
D. Where found in body: nucleus of
cells
E. Food Source: none
Nucleic Acids
Examplse:
1. DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid
a. contains the genetic instructions for the cell
2. RNA- Ribonucleic acid
a. carries out the instructions in DNA
3. ATP- Adenosine triphosphate
a. provides useable energy for the cell
Identify the Biomolecule:
A. Carbohydrate
B. Lipid
C. Protein
D. Nucleic Acid
Identify the Biomolecule: is
made up of nucleotides and has
the elements CHONP
A. Carbohydrate
B. Lipid
C. Protein
D. Nucleic Acid
Identify the Biomolecule:
A. Carbohydrate
B. Lipid
C. Protein
D. Nucleic Acid
Identify the Biomolecule:
A. Carbohydrate
B. Lipid
C. Protein
D. Nucleic Acid
Identify the Biomolecule: is
made up of amino acids and has
the elements CHON and
sometimes S
A. Carbohydrate
B. Lipid
C. Protein
D. Nucleic Acid
Identify the Biomolecule: is
made up of glycerol and fatty
acids and has the elements CHO
A. Carbohydrate
B. Lipid
C. Protein
D. Nucleic Acid
Identify the Biomolecule:
A. Carbohydrate
B. Lipid
C. Protein
D. Nucleic Acid
Identify the Biomolecule: is
made up of monosaccharaides
and has the elements CHO with
a 2:1 ratio
A. Carbohydrate
B. Lipid
C. Protein
D. Nucleic Acid
Identify the Biomolecule:
Enzymes are an example
A. Carbohydrate
B. Lipid
C. Protein
D. Nucleic Acid
Identify the Biomolecule: DNA is
an example
A. Carbohydrate
B. Lipid
C. Protein
D. Nucleic Acid