Transcript Acc_Bio_Chemistry_Cell_2_3

Chemistry
of Cells
Section 2.3
Organic Compounds

All contain carbon atoms that are covalently
bonded to others elements– typically
hydrogen, oxygen, and other carbon atoms.

Made from thousands or even hundreds of
thousands of smaller molecules.

Examples:
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Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates

Made from Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio
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Functions:
•
•

Key source of energy
Also act as substances used for structure
Building block: monosaccharides
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Single sugars
Ex) glucose and fructose
Carbohydrates
Disaccharides
• “Double sugar”
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Formed when two monosaccharides are
joined
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Sucrose (common table sugar) consists of
glucose + fructose
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Other Ex) lactose, maltose
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
• Chains of 3 or more monosaccharides
•
Macromolecule – large molecule made of
many smaller molecules
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Functions:
• Storehouses of energy
• Starch – made by plants
• Glycogen – made by animals
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Structural support
• Cellulose – made by plants.
Lipids
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Made from Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
atoms but NOT in a 1:2:1 ratio
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Ex) fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes
 Chlorophyll is a type of lipid
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Functions:
 High concentrated source of energy
(stored in their bonds)
 Important part of cell membranes

Building block: glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Lipids

Saturated fat – All carbon atoms in the chain
are bonded to a hydrogen atom
 Ex) most animal fats; butter, lard, grease
 Solid at room temperature
 Not healthy

Unsaturated fat – some carbon atoms are
linked by a double covalent bond, each with
only one hydrogen atom.
 Ex) Most plant oils (olive oil)
 Liquid at room temperature
 Healthier
Proteins

Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen &
Nitrogen atoms

Function: Structural
• Proteins make up your hair, nails,
muscles, etc. They are coded for by your
DNA and are essential to life!
• Ex) collagen, antibodies, hemoglobin
• Ex) Enzymes – speed up reactions

Building blocks: amino acids (20)
• Sequence of amino acids determines
which protein is built
Nucleic Acids
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Function: Building blocks of living organisms
(help cells replicate and build proteins)

Building blocks: nucleotides
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Nucleotide:
 Sugar (Deoxyribose or Ribose)
 Phosophate Group
 Nitrogen Bases
 A, T, C, G
 A, U, C, G
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Shape: Double Helix
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Examples: DNA & RNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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You will learn more about DNA in the
Genetics Unit!
Which foods contain these
biomolecules?
 Lipids
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oils, meats, butter, dairy products, nuts
 Carbohydrates
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Sugars – fruits, refined sugar or sucrose
Starch – grains, pasta, breads, cereals,
potatoes, rice
 Proteins

meat, dairy, eggs, tofu, legumes (beans,
peas, nuts)
 Nucleic acids
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all plant and animal matter
What Have You Learned?

Which of the following macromolecules is
used as long term energy storage?
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A. Carbohydrate
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B. Lipid
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C. Protein
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D. Nucleic Acid
What Have You Learned?
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Which of the following macromolecules is
used as long term energy storage?
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A. Carbohydrate
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B. Lipid
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C. Protein
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D. Nucleic Acid
What Have You Learned?
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Which of the following macromolecules
make up your body’s structures and speed
up chemical reactions?
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A. Carbohydrate
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B. Lipid
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C. Protein
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D. Nucleic Acid
What Have You Learned?
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Which of the following macromolecules
make up your body’s structures and speed
up chemical reactions?
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A. Carbohydrate
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B. Lipid
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C. Protein
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D. Nucleic Acid
What Have You Learned?
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Which of the following macromolecules
contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a
1:2:1 ratio?
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A. Carbohydrate
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B. Lipid
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C. Protein
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D. Nucleic Acid
What Have You Learned?

Which of the following macromolecules
contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a
1:2:1 ratio?
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A. Carbohydrate
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B. Lipid
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C. Protein
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D. Nucleic Acid
What Have You Learned?
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Which of the following macromolecules store
and transmit genetic information?
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A. Carbohydrate
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B. Lipid
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C. Protein
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D. Nucleic Acid
What Have You Learned?
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Which of the following macromolecules store
and transmit genetic information?
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A. Carbohydrate
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B. Lipid
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C. Protein
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D. Nucleic Acid
What Have You Learned?
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Which of the following macromolecules
contain nitrogen?
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A. Carbohydrate
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B. Lipid
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C. Protein
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D. Nucleic Acid
What Have You Learned?
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Which of the following macromolecules
contain nitrogen?
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A. Carbohydrate
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B. Lipid
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C. Protein
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D. Nucleic Acid