Transcript 7 Protein Syntheis Notes

DNA and Protein Synthesis
Nucleic Acid
Review
Name of the molecule identified
by the arrow:
0%
38%
5%
57%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Phosphate group
Nitrogen base
Adenine
Sugar
Name given to the circled
structure:
4%
9%
87%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nucleic acid
Amino acid
Nucleotide
Nucleus
The type of reaction responsible for
joining molecules A and B
19%
81%
1.
2.
Hydrolysis
Dehydration
A
B
Let’s assume the following strand of DNA
contains the information needed to make a
protein. This segment of DNA is known as
a____:
0%
4%
4%
74%
17%
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Nucleotide
Codon
Translation
Gene
mRNA
Which is single stranded?
0%
100%
1.
2.
DNA
RNA
Which one can exit the nucleus?
9%
91%
1.
2.
DNA
RNA
The two strands of DNA are bonded together in the
middle by their…
Sugars
Phosphates
Nitrogen bases
14%
es
ba
s
en
itr
og
N
Ph
os
ph
a
ga
te
s
rs
0%
Su
1.
2.
3.
86%
Which one contains nitrogenous bases
A, T, G and C?
100%
0%
1. DNA
2. RNA
DNA is …
100%
Single stranded
Double stranded
Triple stranded
0%
ra
nd
e
d
de
d
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Tr
ip
bl
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ou
D
st
st
ra
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de
st
ra
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ng
l
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0%
Si
1.
2.
3.
Every nucleotide is made up of…
Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen base
All of the above
ft
he
ll
o
A
N
itr
og
en
ab
ba
s
te
Ph
os
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a
ga
ov
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0%
e
0%
r
0%
Su
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4.
100%
Nucleic Acids - Function
• Control the processes of
heredity by which cells and
organisms reproduce proteins.
Nucleic Acids – Types
• DNA
–Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• RNA
–Ribonucleic Acid
Do you remember DNA structure?
SUGAR
Phosphate
Let’s build on that knowledge…
Protein Synthesis
• It’s a process
– DNA -> RNA -> Amino Acids (Protein)
RNA
• Sugar is Ribose NOT what…
• Has nitrogen base Uracil
instead of Thymine
– Also contains the other 3
bases…what are they?
• Only single stranded
RNA
Three processes in this unit…
• 1. Replication (DNA DNA)
• 2. Transcription (DNA mRNA)
• 3. Translation (RNA Protein)
A. DNA Replication
1. Occurs in the nucleus prior to any cell
division
2. Enzyme is used to “unzip” or “unwind” the
DNA
a. Forms a bubble at the origin site
DNA Replication (cont.)
3. Another enzyme is used to build a
complementary strand of DNA from the template
piece of original DNA
a. Nitrogenous bases pair up
1. A – T
2. C - G
4. As a result, you create two identical strands of
DNA
Let’s Practice
• Replicate the following strand of DNA using the
correct nitrogenous bases:
ATCGGCTATTAGGCATATCCGACGGTC
TAGCCGATAATCCGTATAGGCTGCCAG
Let’s Build A Protein
Transcription
• 1.) DNA strand unzips
– The bonds between the nitrogen bases are broken
– Initiated by RNA polymerase (enzyme) binding to
promoter site on DNA
• 2.) A single strand of mRNA (messenger RNA) is
made
– Pair up the bases
• A
• T
• C
• G
Transcription
Where in the cell does transcription take
place?
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Golgi Body
Vacuole
0%
G
ol
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cu
Va
ol
gi
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Bo
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s
y
0%
uc
N
m
M
ito
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la
s
yt
op
0%
on
dr
ia
0%
C
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
100%
Any given segment of DNA has directions
that make unique what?
100%
ce
pi
d
lls
s
0%
lo
o
d
Li
ns
0%
Pr
ot
ei
lu
c
os
e
0%
B
Glucose
Proteins
Lipids
Blood cells
G
1.
2.
3.
4.
If a DNA strand has the following sequence of base pairs – A C T G G
T C C A A , then the mRNA strand would have what sequence?
96%
TGACCAGGTT
ACTGGTCCAA
TGUCCUGGTT
UGACCAGGUU
G
G
G
U
G
T
A
U
C
C
C
C
A
U
G
G
C
C
T
G
G
T
C
A
U
T
A
T
T
T
G
G
A
C
C
A
G
0%
A
0%
U
4%
T
1.
2.
3.
4.
Why is mRNA called messenger RNA?
• Because it carries the directions to make a
protein to the ribosome like a message
Actually 3 types of RNA
• mRNA- messenger
– Brings message from nucleus to ribosomes in
cytoplasm
• rRNA- ribosomal
– Make up a ribosome
• tRNA- transfer
– “transfers” amino acids from the cytoplasm to the
ribosome to be added to the chain
The difference between RNA and DNA is
what?
The phosphates
The sugars
The nitrogen bases
The way the
monomer units bond
82%
73%
36%
m
e.
..
es
en
on
o
ba
s
ga
su
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Th
e
w
Th
ay
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th
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m
ni
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Th
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at
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rs
0%
Th
1.
2.
3.
4.
mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and travels to the
cytoplasm to meet up with which organelle?
uc
le
u
s
e
so
Ly
ol
gi
G
so
m
Bo
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m
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5%
0%
y
0%
so
ib
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R
ito
ch
on
dr
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0%
N
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Golgi Body
Lysosome
Nucleus
M
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
95%
Translation
1. mRNA
–
meets up with a ribosome…why??
Ribosomes are the site for protein production
2. tRNA molecules bring amino acids to
ribosomes
3. An mRNA codon will pair with a tRNA
anticodon
– Codon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in mRNA
that specifies a specific amino acid
– Anticodon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in
tRNA
Translation (cont.)
4.
As tRNA’s are added, amino acids are bonded
together and will be released as a fully functional
protein.
That’s the process, Now how do you know what amino acids make up
a particular protein
• We use an mRNA codon chart
Where in the cell does transcription, the first part of protein
synthesis, take place?
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
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so
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DNA has the directions to make what?
Glucose
Nucleotides
Proteins
Monosaccharides
le
o
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M
on
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N
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After a strand of mRNA is made where does
it go?
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Vacuole
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Where in the cell does translation, the second part of protein
synthesis, take place?
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Golgi body
Cytoplasm
0%
m
yt
op
la
s
bo
d
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C
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Molecules called tRNA’s are floating around the
cytoplasm carrying what?
mRNA’s
Glucose
DNA
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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in
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0%
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s
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D
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An mRNA codon is made up of how many
nitrogen bases?
1
3
6
24
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0%
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0%
6
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18
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Using your mRNA codon chart, what amino
acid would a ribosome call for if the codon was
AAC?
Phenylalanine
Glutamine
Asparagine
Lysine
Tyrosine
ro
s
in
e
0%
A
Ty
si
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Ly
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0%
Ph
en
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ar
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G
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sp
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What protein would be synthesized from the
following mRNA strand?
ACUUUCGAAUAC
Threonine – phenylalanine –
glutamate – tyrosine
Phenylalanine – leucine –
methionine – valine
Tyrosine – glutamate –
phenylalanine – threonine
Lysine – cysteine – arginine –
histidine
3.
0% 0% 0% 0%
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–
in
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a
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Ty
Th
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4.
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cy
st
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–
a.
..
2.
16
Ly
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What protein would be synthesized from the
following DNA segment?
TAAGTACGCTAG
Isoleucine – alanine – histidine
– alanine
Isoleucine – histidine – alanine
– isoleucine
Phenylalanine – leucine –
valine – arginine
Isoleucine – leucine –
threonine – lysine
2
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..
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uc
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–
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15
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Is
13
Is
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an
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–
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Is
1
...
0% 0% 0% 0%
–.
..
4.
la
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3.
yl
a
2.
id
in
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1.
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How would you assess your comprehension of DNA and Protein
Synthesis?
A
B
C
D
1
2
3
4
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6
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8
21
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25
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27
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B
0%
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D
0%
A
0%
C
1.
2.
3.
4.
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