Transcript 19. Protein Synthesis Notes

DNA and Protein Synthesis
Notes
June 2, 2016
I. Nucleic Acid Review
Name of the molecule identified by
the arrow:
8%
13%
0%
79%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Phosphate group
Nitrogen base
Adenine
Deoxyribose sugar
Name given to the circled structure:
4%
17%
79%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nucleic acid
Amino acid
Nucleotide
Nucleus
The type of reaction responsible for joining
molecules A and B
13%
88%
1.
2.
Hydrolysis
Dehydration
A
B
Let’s assume the following strand of DNA contains
the information needed to make a protein/trait. This
segment of DNA is known as a____:
0%
4%
4%
79%
13%
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Nucleotide
Codon
Translation
Gene
mRNA
Which is single stranded?
0%
100%
1.
2.
DNA
RNA
The two strands of DNA are bonded together in the
middle by their…
83%
Sugars
Phosphates
Nitrogen bases
17%
es
ba
s
en
itr
og
N
Ph
os
ph
a
ga
te
s
rs
0%
Su
1.
2.
3.
Which one contains nitrogenous bases A, T, G
and C?
100%
0%
1. DNA
2. RNA
A. Function of Nucleic Acids
1. Control the processes of heredity by
which cells and organisms reproduce
proteins.
B. Types of Nucleic Acids
1.
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid
2.
RNA: Ribonucleic Acid
C. Structure of Nucleic Acids
1. Made up of a chain of Nucleotides that
contain
a. Phosphate backbone
b. Sugar
c. Nitrogen base
1. Guanine
2. Cytosine
3. Adenine
4. Thymine (Found only in DNA)
5. Uracil (Found only in RNA)
DNA
SUGAR
Phosphate
DNA
D. DNA vs. RNA
1. Sugar is Ribose
2. Has nitrogen base Uracil
instead of Thymine
a. Also contains the
other 3 bases
3. Only single stranded
Ribose Sugar vs. Deoxyribose sugar
II. Protein Synthesis-major job of cells
• It’s a process
• DNA -> RNA -> Amino Acids (Protein)
Let’s get ready to build a protein!!
1. Transcription (DNA mRNA)
2. Translation (RNA Protein)
B. Transcription
1. DNA strand unzips
a. The bonds between the nitrogen bases are broken
b. Initiated by RNA polymerase (enzyme) binding to
promoter site on DNA
2. A single strand of mRNA (messenger RNA) is made
a. Pair up the bases
1. A  U
2. T  A
3. C  G
4. G  C
3. mRNA then travels from nucleus to cytoplasm
Transcription
Which one can exit the nucleus?
0%
100%
1.
2.
DNA
RNA
Where in the cell does transcription take place?
79%
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Golgi Body
Vacuole
21%
0%
G
ol
e
cu
Va
ol
gi
le
u
Bo
d
s
y
0%
uc
N
ito
ch
M
yt
op
la
s
m
on
dr
ia
0%
C
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Any given segment of DNA has directions that
make unique what?
Glucose
Proteins
Lipids
Blood cells
96%
4%
lls
s
ce
pi
d
B
lo
o
d
Li
ns
0%
Pr
ot
ei
lu
c
os
e
0%
G
1.
2.
3.
4.
If a DNA strand has the following sequence of base
pairs – A C T G G T C C A A , then the mRNA strand
would have what sequence?
79%
TGACCAGGTT
ACTGGTCCAA
TGUCCUGGTT
UGACCAGGUU
17%
G
A
C
C
A
U
G
U
G
T
A
C
T
C
G
C
G
U
T
G
C
...
...
...
G
A
C
C
A
G
...
4%
0%
T
1.
2.
3.
4.
a. Why is mRNA called messenger RNA?
1. Because it carries the directions to make a protein
to the ribosome like a message
4. Types of RNA
a. mRNA- messenger
1. Brings message from nucleus to ribosomes in
cytoplasm
b. rRNA- ribosomal
1. Make up a ribosome
c. tRNA- transfer
1. “transfers” amino acids from the cytoplasm to the
ribosome to be added to the chain
The difference between RNA and DNA is what?
The phosphates
The sugars
The nitrogen bases
The way the monomer
units bond
67%
33%
17%
th
e
ay
w
e
Th
Th
e
Th
e
ni
tr
og
su
en
m
b.
..
rs
ga
at
es
os
ph
ph
e
o.
..
0%
Th
1.
2.
3.
4.
mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and travels to the
cytoplasm to meet up with which organelle?
80%
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Golgi Body
Lysosome
Nucleus
13%
7%
s
le
u
uc
N
so
m
so
Ly
ol
gi
G
0%
e
y
Bo
d
m
e
so
ib
o
R
ito
ch
on
dr
ia
0%
M
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
C. Translation
1.
mRNA meets up with a ribosome…why??
a. Function of ribosome is to be site for protein
synthesis
2.
tRNA molecules bring amino acids to ribosomes
1.
An mRNA codon will pair with a tRNA anticodon
a. Codon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in mRNA that
specifies a specific amino acid
b. Anticodon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in tRNA
Translation (cont.)
4.
As tRNA’s are added, amino acids are bonded together
and will be released as a fully functional protein.
5. How do you know what amino acids make up a particular
protein?
a. We use an mRNA codon chart
Where in the cell does transcription, the first part of protein synthesis,
take place?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
DNA has the directions to make what?
100%
Glucose
Nucleotides
Proteins
Monosaccharides
e.
..
ch
ar
id
ac
on
os
M
le
o
uc
N
Pr
ot
ei
s
tid
e
os
lu
c
0%
ns
0%
e
0%
G
1.
2.
3.
4.
After a strand of mRNA is made where does it go?
cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Vacuole
Va
cu
ol
e
e
so
m
so
Ly
ito
ch
M
to
pl
as
m
on
dr
ia
25% 25% 25% 25%
cy
1.
2.
3.
4.
Where in the cell does translation, the second part of protein synthesis,
take place?
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Golgi body
Cytoplasm
100%
m
yt
op
C
ol
gi
G
la
s
bo
d
s
le
u
uc
0%
y
0%
N
ito
ch
on
dr
ia
0%
M
1.
2.
3.
4.
Molecules called tRNA’s are floating around the cytoplasm
carrying what?
mRNA’s
Glucose
DNA
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
3
4
21
22
23
24
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
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14
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17
ds
m
in
o
Ac
i
tid
e
uc
15
A
2
0%
s
A
N
1
0%
le
o
lu
c
G
m
0%
N
os
A’
s
RN
0%
e
0%
D
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
18
19
20
An mRNA codon is made up of how many
nitrogen bases?
1
3
6
24
2
3
4
21
22
23
24
5
6
7
8
9
10
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12
13
14
0%
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18
24
1
0%
3
0%
1
0%
6
1.
2.
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4.
19
20
Using your mRNA codon chart, what amino acid
would a ribosome call for if the codon was A A C ?
Phenylalanine
Glutamine
Asparagine
Lysine
Tyrosine
3
4
21
22
23
24
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
ro
s
in
e
0%
Ty
si
ne
0%
Ly
ar
ag
in
e
in
e
lu
ta
m
0%
A
en
2
Ph
1
0%
G
yl
a
la
n
in
e
0%
sp
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
14
15
16
17
18
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What protein would be synthesized from the
following mRNA strand?
ACUUUCGAAUAC
...
22
23
24
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
ro
s
16
st
e
si
ne
–
in
e
–
la
n
yl
a
en
14
17
Ly
21
5
Ty
4
Ph
3
0%
cy
in
e
ph
–
ni
ne
re
o
2
Th
1
0%
...
0%
...
0%
gl
u.
..
1. Threonine – phenylalanine –
glutamate – tyrosine
2. Phenylalanine – leucine –
methionine – valine
3. Tyrosine – glutamate –
phenylalanine – threonine
4. Lysine – cysteine – arginine –
histidine
18
19
20
What protein would be synthesized from the following
DNA segment?
TAAGTACGCTAG
4
21
22
23
24
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0%
l..
...
17
–
e
ci
n
ol
eu
yl
a
ci
n
ol
eu
Is
3
la
n
e
–
a.
–
e
ci
n
ol
eu
2
Is
1
0%
.
0%
Is
0%
..
4.
en
3.
h.
..
2.
in
e
Isoleucine – alanine –
histidine – alanine
Isoleucine – histidine –
alanine – isoleucine
Phenylalanine – leucine –
valine – arginine
Isoleucine – leucine –
threonine – lysine
Ph
1.
18
19
20
How would you assess your comprehension of
DNA & Protein Synthesis?
A
B
C
D
1
2
3
4
21
22
23
24
5
6
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8
9
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B
0%
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14
0%
15
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D
0%
A
0%
C
1.
2.
3.
4.
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