Transcript SOL 2 World History II The Renaissance

The Renaissance
SOL 2b
Objectives
• The student will demonstrate an
understanding of the political, cultural,
geographic, and economic conditions in the
world about 1500 A.D. (C.E.) by:
b) describing artistic, literary, and intellectual
ideas of the renaissance
Essential Questions (Enabling
Objectives
• The student will describe the new intellectual and
artistic ideas, which developed during the Renaissance
and marked the beginning of the modern world {to
include}
– The rebirth of classical knowledge
– The accomplishments of the visual arts through the work
of Michelangelo, Leonardo, etc.
– The Accomplishments in literature {sonnets, plays, essays}
as demonstrated by the work of Petrarch and Shakespeare
– The Accomplishments in Intellectual ideas (humanism) as
demonstrated by the works of Erasmus, Machiavelli, etc.
The Medici's
• Began as merchants then
took capital & went into
banking
• Became powerful
politicians and married into
royal and papal families
• Lorenzo builds a library of
classical works, patronizes
artists
• Cosimo attempts (but does
not succeed) in bringing
order to Florentine politics
I
Isabella d’ Este (French Patron of
the Arts as seen by Leonardo)
The Renaissance
• Vocabulary
– Renaissance: a French word which means rebirth.
In this case the rebirth of Greek and Roman
culture and knowledge in Western Europe
between 1450 and 1650 A.D.
– Patron: a wealthy individual who uses his or her
wealth to support the arts {for example the Medici
family of Florence or the Roman Catholic Pope}
Renaissance Vocabulary
• Perspective: One of the Greek and Roman
artistic methods re-discovered during the
Renaissance. Perspective allows the artist to
create a feeling of depth on a two dimensional
canvas making a painting look three
dimensional
Medieval & Renaissance painting compared:
•
•
•
Subject matter:
Purpose:
Techniques:
Massacio:
“The Expulsion of Adam
And Eve” (ca. 1425)
-used shading to create light
and shadow
-used linear persepctive
Leonardo da
Vinci:
• Sfumato
• Chiarrascurro
Donatello
• Revived free-standing
sculpture
• Studied human
anatomy
Renaissance Vocabulary
• Humanism: The study of Greek and Roman
classical literature with the intent of using that
knowledge to better understand the nature of
human beings
{ A Humanist, one who studies humanism} sought to
understand the physical, emotion, and spiritual nature of
man by studying anatomy, emotions, social interactions etc.
by applying the knowledge of ancients cultures and drawing
new conclusions about man}
– Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Shakespeare, etc. were
all humanist
What is Humanism?
the study of
classical
Roman and
Greek
Literature
a desire to
understand
how things
work
The belief
people should
become
involved in
political affairs
a critical
approach
to learning
an
emphasis
on
education
The belief
that people
should
support the
arts
the belief
that life was
to be lived
joyfully
the belief in
human
dignity
(individual
worth)
the study of
human
emotions
Renaissance Ideals
Humanism:
- Individualism
- Secularism
-Materialism
virtu: Civic Humanism –
applying humanist values to
the improvement of public
virtue
Expectation of a
better life in this world
for future generations
Humans have power to
improve and achieve
progress
After 1450: Humanism revived
revival of Greco-Roman
classics
power of the
humanmind
liberal arts
education
beauty
and
materialism
The Renaissance
Begins
• Italian City States
such as Venice were
growing wealthy
from trade with the
Byzantine Empire.
The Italian Renaissance
Flow Map for identifying causes for the Renaissance beginning in Italy
trade brought the
Italians into contact
with the Byzantine
civilization, which
had preserved Greek
and Roman learning
The Ruins of ancient
Roman were a
reminder of earlier
Glory
Italian Cities such as
Venice, Florence,
Rome, Genoa, Milan,
and Naples had
grown rich through
trade
Renaissance
begins in
Italy
Wealthy such as the
Medici in Florence
became patrons of
the Arts
Venice
• With access to sea, Venice built economy, reputation on trade
• Had long history of trading with other ports on Mediterranean Sea
• Shipbuilding prospered, sailors traveled to Near East
• Wealthy Venetian merchants built unique city, “work of art”
Milan, Florence
• Milan, west of Venice, based economy on agriculture, silk, weapons
• Florence, to south, famous for banking, cloth
• Monarchs appealed to Florentine bankers for money to fund wars
• Merchants refined raw wool into fine cloth
• Bankers, merchants created city to rival any in Europe
Click the icon to play
Listen to History
audio.
Click the icon below
to connect to the
Interactive Maps.
Leonardo Da Vinci
Vitruvian Man
Self Portrait
Leonardo
• A man of many talents
– Architect
– Painter
– Inventor
– Sculptor
– Engineer
– Scientist
• His studies in anatomy helped him draw realistic human
figures
• His use of math (Geometry) helped to organize the
space in his paintings
The Humanist studies his
subjects
Study of Mankind
Study of a Horse
Early Works
Madonna of the Rocks
Leonardo used Geometry in his Works
The Last Supper
Mona Lisa
Michelangelo
• A brilliant
Painter and
sculptor
The David
Sistine Chapel
Self portrait in
the Last
Judgment
Pieta
Scholar and Teacher who
wrote poetry {Sonnets}
His main influence came
out of his belief that the
classical Greeks and
Romans were committed
to virtue in public and
private life
He felt it was important to
live a full and active life
becoming an educated
person
Machiavelli
Diplomat and historian
• He wrote the essay title
“The Prince”
– He sought to describe the
workings of government
realisticly
– He argued that the king
{ruler) should only be
interested with success
– It is better to be feared than
loved
– The end results justify the
actions of the kings
Machiavelli Quotes
• Hatred is gained as much by good works as by evil.
• He who wishes to be obeyed must know how to
command.
• Men are so simple and yield so readily to the desires of
the moment that he who will trick will always find another
who will suffer to be tricked.
• Of mankind we may say in general they are fickle,
hypocritical, and greedy of gain.
• War should be the only study of a prince. He should
consider peace only as a breathing-time, which gives
him leisure to contrive, and furnishes as ability to
execute, military plans.
Renaissance and Reformation
Section 2
The Renaissance Spreads North
Trade, the movement of artists and scholars, and the development of
printing helped spread Renaissance ideas north from Italy.
Trading Goods
Trading Ideas
• As cities grew, vast trading
network spread across northern
Europe
• Northern Europeans traded
ideas, goods; spread Italian
Renaissance north
• Network dominated by
Hanseatic League, merchant
organization, 1200s to 1400s
• Fleeing violence, Italian artists
brought humanist ideas,
painting techniques north
– Protected members from
pirates, other hazards
• Northern scholars traveled to
Italy, brought ideas home
– Built lighthouses, trained
ship captains
• Universities started in France,
Netherlands, Germany
Renaissance and Reformation
Section 2
A Book Revolution
Printing Press
• Mid-1400s, Johannes Gutenberg cast letters of alphabet on metal plates,
locked metal plates on wooden press; perfected movable type printing
• Result, one of most dramatic upheavals world has ever known
Printed Word Available to More
• Before only way to reproduce writing was by hand; long, painstaking process
• With movable type, text quickly printed; producing books faster, cheaper
• Easier access to books prompted more people to learn to read
Italics
• Gutenberg’s first publication, 1,282-page Bible
• Printers soon appeared in other cities, made books quickly, inexpensively
• Explosion of printed material quickly spread Renaissance ideas
By: Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Renaissance Art in Northern
Europe
• Should not be considered an appendage to Italian
art.
• But, Italian influence was strong.
– Painting in OIL, developed in Flanders, was widely
adopted in Italy.
• The differences between the two cultures:
– Italy  change was inspired by humanism with its
emphasis on the revival of the values of classical
antiquity.
– No. Europe  change was driven by religious reform, the
return to Christian values, and the revolt against the
authority of the Church.
• More princes & kings were patrons of artists.
Characteristics of Northern
Renaissance Art
• The continuation of late medieval
attention to details.
• Tendency toward realism &
naturalism [less emphasis on the
“classical ideal”].
• Interest in landscapes.
• More emphasis on middle-class and
peasant life.
• Details of domestic interiors.
Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441)
• More courtly and
aristocratic work.
– Court painter to the
Duke of Burgundy,
Philip the Good.
• The Virgin and
Chancellor Rolin, 1435.
Van Eyck -Adoration of the Lamb, Ghent
Altarpiece, 1432
Giovanni Arnolfini
and His Wife
(Wedding Portrait)
Jan Van Eyck
1434
Jan van Eyck - Giovanni Arnolfini & His Wife
(details)
Massys’ The Moneylender & His Wife, 1514
Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)
• The greatest of German
artists.
• A scholar as well as an artist.
• His patron was the Emperor
Maximilian I.
• Also a scientist
– Wrote books on geometry,
fortifications, and human
proportions.
• Self-conscious individualism of
the Renaissance is seen in his
portraits.
•  Self-Portrait at 26, 1498.
Dürer – Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared
Robe, 1500
Durer – The Triumphal Arch, 1515-1517
The Triumphal Arch, details
Hans Holbein, the Younger (1497-1543)
• One of the great German artists
who did most of his work in
England.
• While in Basel, he befriended
Erasmus.
– Erasmus Writing, 1523 
• Henry VIII was his patron from
1536.
• Great portraitist noted for:
– Objectivity & detachment.
– Doesn’t conceal the weaknesses
of his subjects.
Holbein’s, The Ambassadors, 1533
A Skull
Artist to the Tudors
Henry VIII (left), 1540
and the future Edward VI
(above), 1543.
Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525-1569)
•
•
•
•
•
One of the greatest artistic geniuses of his age.
Worked in Antwerp and then moved to Brussels.
In touch with a circle of Erasmian humanists.
Was deeply concerned with human vice and follies.
A master of landscapes; not a portraitist.
–
–
–
–
People in his works often have round, blank, heavy faces.
They are expressionless, mindless, and sometimes malicious.
They are types, rather than individuals.
Their purpose is to convey a message.
Bruegel’s, Niederlandisch Proverbs, 1559
Bruegel’s, Winter Scene, 1565
The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in
1450 A.D. Made it possible to mass produce books for the
first time
By 1475 the printing press was available in England,
Germany, France, and Italy
The books produced on the printing press spread the ideas of
Humanism to a large audience in Europe
The vast printing capacities meant that individual authors could now become true
bestsellers: Of Erasmus's work, at least 750,000 copies were sold during his lifetime
alone (1469–1536).[41] In the early days of the Reformation, the revolutionary
potential of bulk printing took princes and papacy alike by surprise. In the period from
1518 to 1524, the publication of books in Germany alone skyrocketed sevenfold;
between 1518 and 1520, Luther's tracts were distributed in 300,000 printed copies.[42]
A second outgrowth of this popularization of knowledge was the decline of Latin as the
language of most published works, to be replaced by the vernacular language of each
area, increasing the variety of published works.
Erasmus
•
•
Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic
priest, and a theologian.
Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in
a pure Latin style and enjoyed the sobriquet
"Prince of the Humanists." He has been
called "the crowning glory of the Christian
humanists."[2] Using humanist techniques for
working on texts, he prepared important new
Latin and Greek editions of the New
Testament. These raised questions that would
be influential in the Protestant Reformation
and Catholic Counter-Reformation. He also
wrote The Praise of Folly, Handbook of a
Christian Knight, On Civility in Children,
Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style,
Julius Exclusus, and many other works.