Transcript 6th Grade Organic Compounds

The Five Organic
Molecules of Life
Or … the importance of Carbon
Section Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
Discuss the five organic molecules of life.
Name some examples of each.
Compare the structures of carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, ATP and nucleic acids and
relate their importance to living things
Only about 25 of the naturally occurring
elements are essential to living things
The four most common elements in living
things are:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
CHON
Carbon is the Coolest
Why it’s cool, and what
it can do…
!
Carbon compounds are
considered ORGANIC
(FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR
CONTAINING CARBON)
Carbon may form single, double, or
triple bonds
Carbon can even bond with
itself!
Carbon compounds may be…
straight chains
branched chains
or rings
So What?

The ability of carbon to form so many and
to bond with itself is the chemical source
of the great biodiversity on Earth.
Small carbon molecules, like glucose, can be
bonded together to make larger molecules
These large organic molecules are called:
Biomolecules or…
Macromolecules (macro = giant)
Cells build biomolecules by bonding small
molecules together to form chains
The long chain is a polymer
 The small subunits are monomers

Produces
water when
the long
chains are
made
How do polymers break down into
monomers?

Uses water
when they
are broken
down.
H2O
There are Five Types of Organic
Compounds Essential to Life
Carbohydrates
 Proteins
 Lipids
 Nucleic Acids
 ATP
All of these compounds are built from C, H
and O but in different ratios…..

Carbohydrates
1. Carbohydrates
-provide energy and energy storage
-provide structure in plants
Simple carbohydrates have the elements
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a
ratio of 1:2:1
for example, C6H12O6
Simple Carbohydrates. . .
The monomers are single sugars called
monosaccharides
 such as glucose, fructose, galactose, and
disaccharides lactose and sucrose

Lactose
Simple Carbohydrates. . .
Table sugar, Fruit, Sweets
 Quick energy easily broken
down b/c it’s simple

Complex Carbohydrates
-long chains of simple sugars are called
polysaccharides.
-used to store energy
-source of longer energy, take longer to
break down
-use for structure
in plants
Starch
Function: energy storage by plant cells
Glycogen
Function: energy storage by animals
Cellulose
Difficult for
some animals
to break down
Function: gives plants
structural support
Chitin
Function –
forms the exoskeleton of
arthropods
and
fungi
Proteins
Proteins have many different structures
and functions (metabolism, structure,
transport, protection, and to speed up
chemical reactions)
 Proteins are composed of C, H, O and N
(and S (sulfur) in some)

Amino Acids

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The monomers are amino
acids.
There are 20 standard
amino acids for humans
12 built by the body
8 essential amino acids
from food.
Proteins: Structure
 The polymers are called
polypeptides (proteins).
 Proteins consist of two or
more polypeptides, and can
come in a sheet, a cluster,
or a helix.
Proteins: Structural

Structural proteins provide support.
Examples include your skin, hair and
cartilage (Your ears and nose), webs,
feathers and horns
Proteins: Enzymes

Proteins called enzymes speed up
chemical reactions in the body.

An example is digestive enzymes
Proteins: Hormones

Proteins called hormones help to
coordinate the body’s activities

An example is insulin.
Proteins: Transport

Transport proteins carry other substances
throughout the body.

An example is the hemoglobin on your red
blood cells which carries oxygen
Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides
Nucleic Acids store
information for cells and
code for proteins
 They are made of C, H,
O, N and P
 The monomers of
nucleic acids are called
nucleotides
 There are four: adesine,
thymine, guanine, and
cytosine.

Nucleic Acids: DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acids (DNA) is a
double helix.
A=T
G=C

Nucleic Acids: RNA
RNA is single stranded copy of DNA that is
used to make proteins
 3 RNA nucleic bases code for 1 amino acid

Lipids
3. Lipids

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Used for energy storage
Use for structure (cell membrane)
Composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen
(hydrocarbons)
Much less oxygen than in carbohydrates
Not true polymers, but an important
biomolecule
A component of many lipids are fatty acids
Solid at room temperature
Liquid at room temperature
Lipids

Lipids with three fatty acids are called
triglycerides
triglyceride
LIPIDS: Fats and Oils
Triglycerides are what
we commonly call fats
 They store a lot of
energy
 Plants = store oils
 Animals = store fats
 At room temp:
fats = solid
oils = liquid

LIPIDS: Phospholipids


Lipids with two fatty
acids are called
phospholipids.
Phospholipids are
the main component
of cell membranes
and function to
provide a barrier
around the cell.
LIPIDS: Waxes
Waxes have one long
fatty-acid chain
attached to a long
alcohol chain.
 Waxes are highly
waterproof and form
protective layers in
plants and animals.
 Beehives, plant
leaves,

LIPIDS: Steroids

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Steroids are very different from fatty-acids.
Four carbon rings.
They regulate sexual development, reproduction,
metabolism, immune system, and development of
muscles and bone.
Cholesterol is a steroid necessary for your nerve
cells to work
Many hormones are steroids.
Testosterone and estrogen
Lipids vs. Carbohydrates
Lipids store about 2x as much energy as the
same mass of carbohydrates
ATP

Food energy is converted into energy
trapped in ATP molecules to be used for
all cell functions.
a little review
What is shown?
structural formula
for water
Is this organic?
No, it doesn’t contain carbon
Organic?
Yes, it contains carbon
How was this bond formed?
condensation
What type of organic compound?
Carbohydrate
Organic?
Type?
YES!
Lipid
Organic?
Type?
protein
YES!!!
the monomers that
make up this peptide
are called…
amino acids
This represents one… Nucleotide
Nucleotides are joined to
form large polymers called…
DNA or RNA