Transcript What are organic compounds?

Carbohydrates = Sugar
Proteins
Lipids (Fats and Oils)
Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
Organic
1.natural, not man made
2.Does not contain pesticides or any manmade chemicals. (refers to organic vs
inorganic foods, ex. USDA organic)
3.*Scientific definition* - any chemical
(substance) that contains carbon (and
usually hydrogen)
ORGANIC vs. INORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
• ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS =
• compounds that
contain BOTH
CARBON and
HYDROGEN
• INORGANIC
COMPOUNDS =
• DOES NOT contain
both CARBON and
HYDROGEN
Are these compounds organic or
inorganic:
• Ammonia =
• Water =
• Glucose =
• Methane =
• Hydrochloric Acid =
• Sodium Chloride =
Are these compounds organic or
inorganic:
• Ammonia = NH3 inorganic
• Water = inorganic
• Glucose = organic
• Methane = organic
• Hydrochloric Acid = inorganic
• Sodium Chloride = inorganic
CARBOHYDRATES
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
EX: SUGARS and
STARCHES
USED PRIMARILY AS
SOURCES OF ENERGY
Made up of CHO =
Carbon, Hydrogen &
Oxygen
The ratio of Hydrogen
to Oxygen is always 2:1
The ratio of Hydrogen
to Carbon is always 2:1
End in “OSE”
What does glucose look like?
TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
• MONOSACCHARIDES = simple sugar;
glucose, fructose
• DISACCHARIDES = two simple sugars
bonded together; sucrose, maltose
• POLYSACCHARIDES = made up of
chains (many) of simple sugars
(monosaccharides); starch, cellulose,
glycogen
• Mono – one
• Di – two
• Poly - many
How do we form complex
carbohydrates?
• By: DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
• DEHYDRATE = REMOVING WATER
• SYNTHESIS = TO MAKE
• = process by which simple molecules
combine to form more complex
molecules by the removal of water
Word Part
• De – from
• Hydro – water
• Dehydrate – to take water from
Dehydration Synthesis
• Glucose + glucose ----- maltose + water
(removed)
How do we breakdown complex
carbohydrates?
• By HYDROLYSIS !
• Hydro= water
• Lysis = to split apart (or breakdown)
• Hydrolysis = process by which complex
molecules are broken down to form
simple molecules by adding water.
More Dehydration Sybthesis
• Glucose + fructose ----- sucrose + water
(removed)
Proteins
• Used primarily for structure and cell
machinery (enzymes)
• Enzymes end in “ase”. Ex. Lactase,
catalase.
• Made up of C, H, O, and N. Only proteins
contain the atom Nitrogen (N)
What is the structure of an amino acid?
Some Amino Acids
Some More Amino Acids
TYPES OF PROTEINS
– Monomer = amino acid / monopeptide
– Dipeptide = two amino acids chemically
bonded.
– Polypeptide = many amino acids joined
together
– Protein = a very long polypeptide (can be
hundreds and thousands of amino acids long)
– Enzyme = an organic catalyst which speeds
up chemical reactions (machine)
Protein Functions
• Receptors embedded in the cell
membrane
• Hormones (signalling molecules /
messengers)
• Structural support (microtubules,
cytoskeleton, centrioles)
• Antibodies
• Enzymes (digestion, synthesis, repair,
etc…)
Dehydration Synthesis: Formation of a dipeptide
Dehydration Synthesis
• Amino acid + amino acid ----- dipeptide +
water
AIM: What is the induced fit
model?
Do now: Define Catalyst. Name three functions of
proteins. IN YOUR OWN WORDS, define
enzyme.
HW: Due Thurs- Read and take notes SQ3R on
packet. Due Friday- Dehydration Synthesis of
Proteins and Lipids (cut and paste activity) An
amino acid, dipeptide, polypeptide, two different
types of lipids.
Quiz 1/8/09
1. Define disaccharide.
2. Explain dehydration synthesis. (Break
down the words.)
Lipids
• Primary function = stores energy in a space
efficient way
• Cushions body
• Insulation
• Used in lipid bilayer of cell membrane
• Is a nonpolar substance
• Is made of C, H, O, but in no set ratio
• Is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids
What is the structure of Lipids?
• alcohol
– Usually glycerol (with three –OH groups)
• Fatty acids
– three
– Can be saturated (full of H)
– Can be unsaturated (contains double bonds)
Glycerol and Triglycerides
Dehydration Synthesis of a Lipid
• http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/lipidcondens
ation.html
AIM: What are nucleic acids?
Do Now: Define dipeptide.
HW: Multiple Choice questions on From
Atoms to Cells packet and questions on
new packet.
Nucleic Acids
• Functions to store information
– Two forms: DNA and RNA
– DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
– RNA – ribonucleic acid
– DNA is more stable than RNA
• Functions to store energy
– Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
What is the structure of DNA?
ATP
How is Energy Released?
Released
Absorbed
ATP –releases energy when it loses a phosphate and
forms ADP
ADP – stores energy when it gains a phosphate and
forms ATP
One glucose releases enough energy to make 36 ATP
The body uses ATP to fuel all life functions
Polymerization of DNA