Transcript organic compounds

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Common properties of organic compounds
•Carbon-based molecules are called organic
compounds
•Contain Carbon( C ), Hydrogen(H) and
Oxygen ( O ) elements (hydrocarbonsH-C)
also can have N,P,S.
•Can be produced by living organisms
•They can give energy
•Have complex and longer structure
– Make up living structure
• Organic molecules contain very large
molecules
– They are often called macromolecules
because of their large size
– They are also called polymers because
they are made from identical building
blocks strung together
– The building blocks are called monomers
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How are polymers formed?
• Monomers are linked together to form
polymers through dehydration reactions,
which remove water
• Polymers are broken apart by hydrolysis,
the addition of water
• All biological reactions are mediated by
enzymes, which speed up chemical
reactions in cells
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HYDROLYSIS
• Polymers are broken down into
monomers(building blocks) by hydrolysis
reaction. ATP is not used.
Polymer + H2O
monomer+monomer+……
In hydrolysis water is used
DEHYDRATION
• Monomers form polymers by dehydration
reaction. ATP is used.
Monomer+monomer+monomer……
Polymer+ H2O
In dehydration water is formed
Short polymer
……………..
reaction
Longer polymer
Unlinked
monomer
……………
reaction
Polymers Can’t pass through
membrane, they should be
hydrolyzed to their monomers!!
Number of water
Number of bonds that Number of small
=
molecules used
are broken down =
molecules formed -
1
(n)
In hydrolysis polymers are broken down by using water.
In Dehydration monomers form polymers by forming
water.
Number of water
Number of bonds that
Number of small
molecules formed
are formed
molecules used - 1
=
=
(n)
If you want to form a large molecule from 19
small units, how many bonds occur? How
many water?
If you use 10 water molecule to breakdown a
polymer, how many monomers can form?
• C6H12O6+6O2 6CO2+6H2O
• CO2+6H2O  C6H12O6 +6O2
Energy source:
Carbohydrates,
lipids
Structural:
protein, lipid
Regulatory:
Protein,
vitamins
Control: nucleic
acids
Usage for energy source
Carbohydrates> Lipids > Proteins
Amount of energy
Lipids > Proteins > Carbohydrates
Structural importance
Proteins > Lipids > Carbohydrates
1. Carbohydrates
• Monomer = Monosaccharides (CH2O)n
• Functions
1) Short Term Energy = Monosaccharides
2) Long Term Energy = Starch (plants)
Glycogen (animals)
3) Structure = *Cellulose (plant cell walls)
*Chitin (animal exoskeletons)
*DNA,RNA,ATP (deoxyribose and
ribose sugar)
*Cell membrane
Kinds of Carbohydrates :
• It can be divided into three major groups
according to their monomer number:
Kinds of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Smallest units of
carbohydrates
Formed by the 2 monosaccharides
Glucoside bond is formed.
Formed by the dehydration of
many glucoses.
They can’t be hydrolyzed
(broken down)
Glucose+glucose→maltose+ H2O
All have same monosaccharide
but
their
structures
are
different.
Soluble in water
Glucose+fructose →sucrose+H2O
Easily pass from cell
membrane
Galactose>Glucose>fructose
Trioses-Carry 3 carbons
Pentoses- carry 5 carbons.
Found in DNA-deoxyribose
RNA, ATP- ribose
Hexoses- carry 6 carbons
C6H12O6 general formula
Glucose- grape sugar. found
in all cells but produced only
in autotrophs
Fructose- fruit sugar. Only
found in plant cells
Galactose- milk sugar. Only
found in animal cells.
Maltose-Only found in plant cells.
Fructose- Only found in plant cells
Glucose+galactose →lactose+H2O
Lactose- Only found in animal cells
Starch- Storage carbohydrate
only in plants. Stored in
leucoplast in plant cells.
Insoluble in water.
GlycogenStorage
carbohydrate in animal cells.
Stored in muscle and liver. It
can be found in fungi and
bacteria.(not in plants)
CelluloseStructural
carbohydrate in plants. Found
in cell wall. Not hydrolyzed in
animal digestive system.
Chitin- Structural carbohydrate
in some animals and fungi.
Found in the exoskeleton of the
insects. Contains N.
HOMEWORK
•
•
•
•
•
•
Who ?
What is the function?
How its structure?
Why is it needed?
Where is it found?
When is it found?
A ) MONOSACCHARIDES
( Single sugars ) :
• Function: Some are energy source and some are in
structure.
Structure:
They
are
the
monomers
of
carbohydrates.(CH2O)n.
Can’t be digested. (hydrolyzed)
• The most common monosaccharides :
A. Pentoses ( C5H10O5 ): Ribose in RNA, ATP
Deoxyribose in DNA
B. Hexoses ( C6H12O6 ) :Glucose(blood-grape
sugar)
Fructose(fruit sugar)
Galactose(milk sugar)
Glucose, fructose and galactose have the same formula but
different structural forms and different properties . So they
are isomers .
Fructose and
galactose can be
converted to
glucose in liver.
Excess glucose is
converted into
glycogen in liver
and muscle cells.
Glucose
(an aldose)
Fructose
(a ketose)
Monosaccharides are the simplest
carbohydrates
– Can not be hydrolysed into smaller units
(because they are monomers). Pass easily
from the membranes.
– Diffusion rate Galactose >Glucose > Fructose
• Glucose- grape sugar. found in all cells but
produced only in autotrophs . In blood 70 -110
mg /100 ml
• Fructose- fruit sugar. Only found in plant cells.
• Galactose- milk sugar. Only found in animal cells.
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Disaccharides C12 H22 O11
• Function: Some are energy source and some
are in structure.
• Structure: Two monosaccharides (monomers)
can bond to form a disaccharide in a
dehydration reaction
• Have one glycoside bond between monomers.
Animation: Disaccharides
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Glucose
Glucose
Glycoside
bond
Maltose
• Maltose ( Malt sugar-plants ) :
• Glucose + Glucose
Maltose + H2O
• Sucrose ( Table sugar-plants ) :
• Glucose + Fructose
Sucrose + H2O
• Lactose ( Milk sugar-animals ) :
• Glucose + Galactose
Lactose + H2O
What is the formula of a lactose????
• If we breakdown 5 lactose molecules
• a. How many bonds are broken
b. How many monomers are formed?
c. By using monomers, how many maltose
molecules can be formed?
Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units
• Function: in storage of energy and structure
of some cells
• Structure: Formed by the dehydration of
many glucoses.
• All have same monosaccharide but their
structures are different.They have many
glycoside bonds.
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Animation: Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units
• Starch is a storage polysaccharide composed of
glucose monomers and found in plants
• Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide composed
of glucose, which is hydrolyzed by animals when
glucose is needed (in animals,fungi,bacteria)
• Cellulose is a polymer of glucose that forms
plant cell walls. structural
• Chitin is a polysaccharide used by insects and
crustaceans to build an exoskeleton (have N)
and also in fungi cell walls. structural
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Starch granules in
potato tuber cells
Glycogen
granules
in muscle
tissue
STARCH
Glucose
monomer
GLYCOGEN
CELLULOSE
Cellulose fibrils in
a plant cell wall
Hydrogen bonds
Cellulose
molecules
All have same monomer but different polymer structure!
Because of monomer number, type of bonding
•
Classify the reactions below:
– Formation of sucrose from glucose and
fructose ………………………
– Synthesis of starch from glucose
………………………..………
– Breakdown of maltose to form glucose
………………………………..
•
If a starch molecule that can be broken
down by using 125 water molecules, is
hydrolysed completely and the glucose
molecules formed are used in the
synthesis of maltose. How many maltose
molecules can be formed?
• If 5 sucrose molecules are broken down,
a. how many bonds will be broken down?
b. How many monomers will form?
c. By using these monomers, how many
maltose molecules can be formed?
• Insulin is a hormone that decreases blood sugar , by
making glycogen from glucose and stores in liver.
• Insulin resistance occurs when the body becomes less
sensitive to insulin. Insulin resistance occurs when
insulin levels are sufficiently high over a prolonged
period of time causing the body’s own sensitivity to the
hormone to be reduced.
• Once the body starts to get resistant to insulin, it can be
a difficult process to reverse because the knock on effect
of insulin resistance.
• Higher circulating levels of insulin in the blood stream
and weight gain help to further advance insulin
resistance. Diets high in saturated fats, trans-fats,
refined carbohydrates and processed foods have been
closely linked with chronic inflammation disorders and
insulin resistance.
2. Lipids
• Functions
1) Long Term Energy = Triglycerides
2) Cell Membranes =
Phospholipids(structure) and
glycolipids(recognition)
3) Other Functions = Insulation,
Hormones, and Water Repellants
• Structure: Their monomers = 3Fatty Acids
& 1Glycerol
• Have esther bonds between FA and
Glycerol
Glycerol
Fatty acid
• Fatty acids link to glycerol by a dehydration
reaction
– A fat contains one glycerol linked to three fatty
acids
– Fats are often called triglycerides because of
their structure
– Lipids give more energy than carbohydrates and
proteins because they have more H atoms.
Animation: Fats
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• Some fatty acid types can not be produced
by each organism. We can not produce
omega 3 and 6 fatty acid. These types of
fatty acids are known as essential fatty
acids.
• If we want to form 6 molecules of lipid,
How many monomers should we use?
Give their exact names and numbers.
• We breakdown 30 esther bonds in lipid
molecules. Howmany monomers do they
have ? (give their exact name and number)
Classified according to their fatty acids as saturated and unsaturated.
Lipids with saturated fatty
acids
Lipids with unsaturated fatty
acids
Solid at room temp.
Liquid at room temp.
C are filled with max. H atoms
Found in animal cells
C have double bonds that
are not filled with max. H
atoms
C have single bonds
Found mostly in plant cells
TYPES OF IMPORTANT LIPIDS
a. Phospholipids are structurally similar to
fats and are an important component of cell
membrane.
– The hydrophilic heads (glycerol) are in contact
with the water of the environment and the
internal part of the cell
– The hydrophobic tails(fatty acid) band in the
center of the bilayer
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Hydrophilic
heads
Water
Hydrophobic
tails
Water
Organic Molecules ;
• Direction according to usage
............ –............ – .............
• Direction according to energy amount
............ – ............- ...............
• Direction according to structural material
.............. - ........... – .............
b. Steroids are lipids composed of fused ring
structures (not glycerol and fatty acids) and
can not be broken down
– Cholesterol is an example of a steroid that
plays a significant role in the structure of the cell
membrane
– In addition, cholesterol is the compound from
which we synthesize sex hormones
– Structure is similar to ADEK vitamins
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c.Triglycerides: Storage type of lipids.
Composed of 3 fatty acid and 1 glycerol.
d. Glycolipids: structural lipids that are
found in cell membranes. They function in
recognition of molecules.
3.10 CONNECTION: Anabolic steroids pose
health risks
• Anabolic steroids are abused by some
athletes with serious consequences,
including
–
–
–
–
–
–
violent mood swings,
depression,
liver damage,
cancer,
high cholesterol, and
high blood pressure.
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3. Proteins
•
•
Functions
1) Chemical: Enzymes
2) Cell membrane: Cell Transport,
Recognition as receptor , and Cohesion
3) Other Functions =
Structure in muscle,
Movement, Pigmentation,
Hormones, Defense,
transport
Monomer = Amino Acids( there are 20
aa. in nature)
A protein is a polymer built from various
combinations of 20 amino acid monomers
Amino
group
Carboxyl
group
Amino acid
Carboxyl
group
Amino
group
Amino acid
Peptide
bond
Dehydration
reaction
Dipeptide
•
Peptide bonds form between
…………….. groups and ……………
groups of aminoacids.
a. Carboxyl, amino
b. amino, amino
c. Amino, radical
d. radical, carboxyl
e. Carboxyl, carboxyl
• There are 20 different types of amino
acids in living things , but there are many
more types of proteins because :
• Number of amino acids
• Types of amino acids
• Sequence of amino acids can be different
A
B
Protein 1
A
C
Protein 2
D
C
D
Protein 3
A
• Protein sytnthesis is controlled by
genes(DNA). So everyone has different
kinds of proteins.
Protein synthesis occurs at ribosomes.
• Essential amino acids.
• Some amino acid types can not be
produced by each organism. These
types of amino acids are known as
essential aa’s. 8
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Figure 3.13AD_s4
Four Levels of Protein Structure
Primary structure
Amino
acids
Amino acids
Secondary structure
Hydrogen
bond
Beta pleated
sheet
Alpha helix
Tertiary structure
Transthyretin
polypeptide
Quaternary structure
A protein can have four levels of structure:
Transthyretin, with four
identical polypeptides
• If a protein’s shape is altered, it can no
longer function.
• Proteins can be denatured by changes in
salt concentration, pH, or by high heat.
(denaturation)
They are added to cell structure
• Lipid + Protein
Lipoprotein + H2O
• Phosphate+Protein
Phosphoprotein+H2O
• Carbohydrate+Protein Glycoprotein+H2O
• Proteins , glycoproteins and lipoproteins
are building materials of cell membrane
• The graphic shows the changes in the
amount of amino acids that are used
during protein synthesis.
30
amino
acids
Time
Which of them is/are true?
a. the number of the peptide bonds are 29
b. the amount of water formed by the
dehydration of this protein is 28
c. by using this protein 15 dipeptides can be
formed
• Amino group of
aminoacids can
form ammonia and
urea which are toxic
for body. They are
thrown out by
excretion.