Transcript Chemistry of Life

Chemistry of Life
Reading the Periodic Table
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Period
– Horizontal rows
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Group
– Vertical columns
Reading the Periodic Table
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8
O
Atomic Number
– Number of protons and
electron in an atom
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Symbol
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Atomic Weight
– Number of protons plus the
16.00
number of neutrons
4 Most Common Elements in
Living Things
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Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Oxygen
 Nitrogen
Inorganic vs. Organic
Molecules
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Inorganic Molecules
– Molecules that do not contain carbon
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Organic Molecules
– Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen
– Make up living things
– Produced by living things
Properties of Matter
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Matter
– Anything that has mass and takes up space
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Physical Properties
– Physical characteristics of an object
 Color, taste, texture, scent, etc.
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Chemical Properties
– Chemical makeup of an object
Properties of Matter
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Phases of Matter
– Solid
– Liquid
– Gas
Properties of Matter
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Physical Changes
– Change in physical appearance
– Change in phase of matter
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Chemical Changes
– Change in the chemical makeup
– Usually involves a flame or oxidation
Physical or Chemical
Change?
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Rusting of iron
Melting of glass
Evaporation of water
Combustion of gasoline
Freezing of water
Cookies burn
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When sugar is broken down
by your cells for energy
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Sugar dissolves in
water
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Chemical Change
Physical Change
Physical Change
Chemical Change
Physical Change
Chemical Change
Chemical Change
Physical Change
Physical or Chemical
Change?
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Melting sugar to make
candy
Chopping nuts
Plant makes sugar by
photosynthesis
Gelatin solidifies to
form Jello
Wood is burned in a
campfire
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Physical Change
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Physical Change
 Chemical Change
 Physical Change
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Chemical Change
Atoms vs. Molecules
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Atoms
– Only one atom of a particular element
– Ex. C, H, O, N, P
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Molecules
– A combination of 2 or more atoms
– Ex. H2O (water), NaCl (salt), C6H12O6 (glucose), O2
(oxygen gas), CO2 (carbon dioxide)
Atoms vs. Molecules
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CO2
He
O2
C6H12O6
Ca
Cl2
H2
C12H22O11
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Molecule
Atom
Molecule
Molecule
Atom
Molecule
Molecule
Molecule
Properties of Water
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Cohesion
– The attraction between molecules of the same
substance
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Adhesion
– The attraction between molecules of different
substances
Properties of Water
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Types of Mixtures
– Solution
 Mixtures with equally distributed
 Solute = the substance that is dissolved
 Solvent = the substance in which the solute is
dissolved
– Suspension
 Mixtures of water and nondissolved substances
Element vs. Compound
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Element
– Pure
– Only one type of atom
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Compound
– Molecule with more than one type of atom
Element vs. Compound
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CO2
O2
NH3
C12H22O11
N2
C6H12O6
HCl
NaCl
H2
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Compound
Element
Compound
Compound
Element
Compound
Compound
Compound
Element
What is an organic
compound?
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Contains carbon
 Usually contains hydrogen
 Is formed by living things
 Makes up the structures of living things
Organic vs. Inorganic
Molecules
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CO2
O2
NH3
C12H22O11
N2
C6H12O6
HCl
NaCl
CH4
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Inorganic
Inorganic
Inorganic
Organic
Inorganic
Organic
Inorganic
Inorganic
Organic
Organic Compounds
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Macromolecules
– Macro = large
– Large molecules made up of smaller molecules
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Monomers
– The smaller units that combine to form macromolecules
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Polymers = many monomers bonded together
– Poly = many
Organic Compounds
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4 types
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Proteins
– Nucleic Acids
Concept Map
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
which contain
which contain
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
Carbohydrates
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Sugars, starches, glycogens, celluloses
 Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
– 1:2:1 ratio
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Monomer = Monosaccharide
– simple sugars
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Disaccharide
– 2 monosaccharides joined together
Carbohydrates
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Functions
– Store energy
– Release energy
– Structural support (for plants)
 Glucose = energy rich
 Cellulose = support for plants
 Chitin = exoskeletons
 Starch & glycogen = energy storage
– Starch – plants, glycogen – animals
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Suffix –ose = sugar
– Ribose, deoxyribose, glucose, sucrose
Carbohydrates
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Common Carbohydrates
– Sucrose – table sugar
– Glucose
– Maltose
– Lactose – milk sugar (produced only by
mammals)
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Simple carbohydrates often dissolve in
water
Lipids
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Fat, oil, wax, pigments, steroids
 Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
– Contain much more hydrogen than oxygen
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Monomers = Glycerol & Fatty Acids
G
L
Y
C
E
R
O
L
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Lipids
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Functions
– Fats and Oils:
 energy storage
– Fats – lard, butter; Oils – olive oil, peanut oil
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Scent
Taste
– Waxes:
 waterproofing protection for skin, fur, feathers, fruit,
and leaves
– Uses – candles, polishes, cosmetics
– Phospholipids:
 Make up cell membranes
Lipids
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Functions
– Pigments:
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Coloring
– Chlorophyll: green (leaves and stems of plants)
– Carotenoids: orange (daffodils, carrots,
tomatoes, pumpkin)
– Xanthophylls: yellow (lemon)
Lipids
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Functions
– Steroids:
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Regulate body functions
– Cholesterol: made in the liver
– Vitamin D: needed for strong bones and teeth
– Cortisone: reduces swelling
– Testosterone: secondary sexual characteristics in
men
– Estrogen: secondary sexual characteristics in
women
– Progesterone: allows women to be pregnant
Lipids
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Insoluble in water
 In general, used for:
– energy storage
 Contain 2 times as much energy as carbohydrates
– protective coatings
– insulation
Proteins
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Make up at least 50% (dry weight) of an
organism’s body
 Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and
Nitrogen
 Monomer = Amino Acids
– 20 types of amino acids
– 1000s of types of proteins
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Formed through dehydration synthesis
 Forming proteins are called polypeptides (and the
monomers are connected with peptide bonds)
Proteins
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Functions
– Enzymes
 Control chemical reactions in the body
 Digest food
– Ex. Sucrase
– Hormones
 Regulate body functions
– Ex. Insulin, growth hormones
– Storage proteins
 Store some energy
– Ex. Egg whites
– Toxins
– Ex. Botulism, venom
Proteins
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Functions
– Transport Proteins
 Carry materials throughout the body
– Ex. Hemoglobin
– Structural Proteins
 Make up body structures
– Ex. Hair, muscle, collagen, silk
– Antibodies
 Help to fight infection
 Found in blood
Proteins - Enzymes
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Control chemical reactions
– Lower activation energy of the reaction
 The amount of energy required to make the reaction
begin
– Act as a catalyst
 A part of the reaction that is not consumed or
changed
Proteins - Enzymes
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Parts of Chemical Reactions
– Reactants
 The materials going into the reaction
– Products
 The materials produced in the reaction
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Factors Affecting Enzyme Function
– Temperature
 Too low = slows enzymes down
 Too high = denatures (breaks down) enzymes
– pH
– Enzyme Concentration
– Substrate Concentration
Nucleic Acids
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Store and transmit genetic information
– The “instruction manual” for an organism
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Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
and phosphorous
 Monomer = nucleotides
– 4 types of nucleotides
Nucleic Acids
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Functions
– Code for the order of amino acids to form
proteins
– Store and transmit genetic information
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
– Contain all of the genetic material (genes) of an individual
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Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
– Copies sections of DNA and translates that information to
produce proteins during protein synthesis
Nucleic Acids
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Nucleotides contain:
– A 5 carbon sugar
– A phosphate group
– A nitrogen base
 Adenine (DNA & RNA)
 Thymine (DNA ONLY)
 Cytosine (DNA & RNA)
 Guanine (DNA & RNA)
 Uracil (RNA ONLY)
Nucleic Acids
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Nitrogen Base Pairing
– In DNA
 Adenine – Thymine
 Cytosine – Guanine
– In RNA
 Adenine – Uracil
 Cytosine – Guanine
Nucleic Acids
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Facts
– Nucleic Acids are named for their 5-carbon
sugars
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid = deoxyribose
Ribonucleic Acid = ribose
– DNA
 Everyone has different DNA
 Double stranded
 Shaped like a ladder
– Double helix
– RNA
 Single stranded
Organic Compounds
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4 types
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Proteins
– Nucleic Acids
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Organic compounds are macromolecules
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Organic compounds are also called polymers
– Polymers are made up of monomers
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The process of combining monomers to make polymers
is called polymerization