Transcript Renaissance and Reformation Section 1

Renaissance and Reformation
Section 1
“Anybody can make history. Only a great
man can write it.”
- Oscar Wilde
On average, a Tupperware party is held
somewhere in the world about every two
seconds.
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The Italian Renaissance
Main Idea
In Italy the growth of wealthy trading cities and
new ways of thinking helped lead to a rebirth of
the arts and learning. This era became known
as the Renaissance.
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The Beginning of the Renaissance
Changes in Society
The Rise of City-States
• 1300, Black Death, starvation,
warfare had overtaken Europe
• Urban areas specialized,
particularly in Italy
• Catastrophic events, enormous loss
of life may have led to changes of
the 1300s
• Italy divided into several large citystates in north, various kingdoms,
Papal States south
• Decrease in population led to:
• Catholic Church, nobles,
merchants, artisans dominated
society in city-states
– Increase in food production
– Decline in food prices
– More money to spend
– Specialization in products
• Many sought to display new wealth
with knowledge of arts
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Renaissance and Reformation
Venice
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Venice
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Venice
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Venice
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Venice
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Venice
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Milan
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Milan
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Milan
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Milan
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Florence
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Florence
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Florence
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Florence
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Question:
How did society and cities change in the
1300s?
Answer(s): Specialization in agriculture
increased, resulting in more trade; urban areas
became centers of commerce; merchants and
artisans became important; some cities became
displays of wealth.
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Renaissance Ideas
As the economy and society changed, new ideas began to appear. This
period of interest and developments in art, literature, science and learning
is known as the Renaissance, French for “rebirth.”
Inspiration from the
Ancients
• Venetian ships
carried goods for
trade and Greek
scholars seeking
refuge
New World of Ideas
Different Viewpoints
• Italians who could read
looked for more
information
• As they read, began
to think about
philosophy, art,
science in different
ways
• Read Arabic translations
of original texts
• Scholars brought
• Searched libraries,
found lost texts
ancient works thought
to be lost
• Began to believe in
human capacity to
create, achieve
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Humanism
Humanities
• Interest in ancient Greek, Roman
culture
• Characteristics of good education
• Scholastic education gave way to
classics: rhetoric, grammar, poetry,
history, Latin, Greek
Roots
• Roots traced to work of Dante; work
contained glimpses of what would
become focus on human nature
• Historians believe Renaissance
began with two humanists who lived
after Dante—Giovanni Boccaccio,
Francesco Petrarch
• Subjects came to be known as
humanities, movement they inspired • Both wrote literature in everyday
language not Latin
known as humanism
• Advances were made in medicine,
• Humanists emphasized individual
as well as astronomy
accomplishment
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Dante, Giovanni Boccaccio, and Francesco Petrarch
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A Portrait of Savonarola
 By Fra Bartolomeo, 1498.
 Dominican friar who decried
money and power.
 Anti-humanist  he saw humanism
as too secular, hedonistic, and
corrupting.
 The “Bonfire of the Vanities,” 1497.
/
Burned books, artwork,
jewelry, and other luxury
goods in public.
/
Even Botticelli put some of his
paintings on the fire!!
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The Execution of Savonarola, 1452
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Secular Writers
• Early 1500s life in Italy seemed insecure, precarious
• Church no longer served as source of stability, peace
• Form of humanism developed from Petrarch’s ideas; focus was secular,
was worldly rather than spiritual
Service
• Humanists argued that
individual achievement,
education could be fully
expressed only if people used
talents, abilities in service of
cities.
Renaissance Man
• Ideal Renaissance man came
to be “universal man,”
accomplished in classics, but
also man of action, who could
respond to all situations.
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Examples of Renaissance Men
How to Act
• Italian diplomat Baldassare Castiglione wrote book, The Courtier
• Described how perfect Renaissance gentleman, gentlewoman should act
• Book includes fictional conversation between duke, guests
Castiglione’s Advice
• Castiglione gave nobles new rules for refined behavior in humanist society
• Speak of serious, as well of amusing subjects; know Latin, Greek
• Be well-acquainted with poetry, history; be able to write prose, poetry
How to Rule
• Philosopher, statesman Niccolò Machiavelli also wrote influential book
• Experiences with violent politics influenced opinions on how governments should
rule in The Prince
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Baldassare Castiglione
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Niccolò Machiavelli
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Machiavelli
Machiavellian advice seemed to encourage harsh
treatment of citizens, rival states
• Describes men as “ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers”
• Advises rulers to separate morals from politics
– Power, ruthlessness more useful than idealism
– Ruler must do whatever necessary to maintain political power,
even if cruel
• Machiavelli’s theory that “the end justifies the means”
deviated from accepted views of correct behavior
• Idea that state an entity in itself, separate from its ruler,
became foundation for later political philosophy
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Science of the Renaissance
Scientific Information
Natural World
• Humanists searched archives,
Arab translations for classical
texts
• Focus of Renaissance on human
sciences, history, politics,
geography
• Discovered wealth of scientific
information
• New ideas about natural world
began to be explored also
Scientific Challenges
Earth, Sun
• Science soon became important
avenue of inquiry
• Nicholas Copernicus said Sun
was center of universe
• Church’s teachings about world
were challenged, particularly that
Earth center of universe
• Galileo Galilei arrested by church
officials for saying Earth orbited
Sun
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Nicholas Copernicus
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Galileo Galilei
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Galileo Galilei
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Question:
What were some important new ideas of the
Renaissance?
Answer(s): inspiration from the ancient Greeks
and Romans; humanism; secular focus; new
theories in science
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Renaissance Art
The arts a reflection of the new humanist spirit
Medieval artists—idealized and symbolic representations
Renaissance artists depicted what they observed in nature
Patrons of the Arts
• Medieval times, anonymous artists
who worked for church created art
• Renaissance artists worked for
whoever offered them highest price
• Buyers of art, patrons, might be
wealthy individuals, city governments,
or church
Competition Among Patrons
• Wealthy individuals competed,
displaying wealth, modernity through
purchase of artworks
• Florence, Lorenzo de Medici
supported most talented artists
• Milan, ruling Sforza family benefactors
of artists, others
Renaissance artists wanted to paint the natural world as realistically as
possible.
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Medici and Sforza
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Lorenzo the Magnificent
1478 - 1521
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Cosimo de Medici
1517 - 1574
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Styles and Techniques
Artists Methods
• Studied perspective,
represented threedimensional objects
• Experimented with using
color to portray shapes,
textures
Classical Influence
• Religious paintings focused
on personality
• Humanist interest in
classical learning, human
nature
• Building design reflected
• Subject matter changed;
humanist reverence for
artists began to paint, sculpt
Greek, Roman culture
scenes from Greek, Roman
• Classical architecture
myths
favored
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Realism & Expression
 Expulsion from
the Garden
 Masaccio
 1427
 First nudes since
classical times.
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The Trinity
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
Masaccio
1427
Perspective!
First use
of linear
perspective!
What you are, I
once was;
what I am, you
will become.
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Perspective
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Geometrical
Arrangement of
Figures
 The Dreyfus Madonna
with the Pomegranate
 Leonardo da Vinci
 1469
 The figure as
architecture!
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Light & Shadowing/Softening
Edges
Sfumato
Chiaroscuro
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Classicism
Greco-Roman
influence.
Secularism.
Humanism.
Individualism  free
standing figures.
The “Classical Pose”
Medici “Venus” (1c)
Symmetry/Balance
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The Liberation of Sculpture
 David by Donatello
 1430 - First free-form bronze
since Roman times
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 Filippo Brunelleschi
1377 - 1436
 Architect
 Cuppolo of St. Maria
del Fiore
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• Commissioned to
build the cathedral
dome.
– Used unique
architectural
concepts.
 He studied the
ancient
Pantheon in
Rome.
 Used ribs for
support.
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Brunelleschi’s Dome
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Comparing Domes
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Other Famous Domes
Il Duomo
(Florence)
St. Peter’s
(Rome)
St. Paul’s
(London)
US capital
(Washington)
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Leonardo da Vinci
• Highly talented in all fields, was an Italian polymath, scientist, mathematician,
engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and
writer
• Wrote out ideas, filling 20,000 pages of notes
• Best known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Michelangelo
Sculpture, Painting
• Studied anatomy
• Marble statue of David
• Age 24, won fame with Pietà,
sculpture of Jesus’ mother Mary
holding son’s dead body
• Most famous painting, artwork on
ceiling of Sistine Chapel, 1508-12
• Sculpture communicates grief,
love, acceptance, immortality
• Scenes from Old Testament
considered one of greatest
achievements in art history
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 The Virgin of
the Rocks
 Leonardo da
Vinci
 1483-1486
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vertical
The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498
horizontal
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 15c
What
a
difference
a
century
makes!
16c 
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Other Artists
Raphael
• Raffaello Sanzio, became known
as Raphael
• Renowned painter, accomplished
architect
Bramante
• Renaissance architecture reached
height with work of Donato
Bramante
• Had already achieved fame when
chosen architect of Rome
• Most famous work, The School of
Athens, fresco—painting made on • Design for St. Peter’s Basilica
fresh, moist plaster
influenced appearance of many
smaller churches
• Also well known for many
paintings of the Madonna, mother
of Jesus
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Raphael’s Madonnas
Sistine Madonna
Cowpepper Madonna
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Raphael’s Madonnas
Madonna della Sedia
Alba Madonna
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The School of Athens 1510-1511
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Da Vinci
Raphael
Michelangelo
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Plato:
looks to the
heavens [or
the IDEAL
realm].
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Aristotle:
looks to this
earth [the
here and
now].
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Averroes
Hypatia
Pythagoras
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Zoroaster
Ptolemy
Euclid
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The Liberation of St. Peter by Raphael, 1514
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Birth of Venus – Botticelli, 1485
An attempt to depict perfect beauty.
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Pope Julius II
by Raphael, 1511-1512
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Pope Leo X with Cardinal Giulio
deMedici and Luigi De Rossi by
Raphael, 1518-1519
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Question:
What was the ideal of Renaissance art?
Answer(s): capturing human personality, realism,
human form