Transcript Chapter 2.3: Carbon Compounds

Chapter 2.3:
Carbon Compounds
Biochemistry is. . .
the chemistry of life
1. Molecules that make up life
2. Life Processes
a.
Growth
b.
Reproduction
c.
Movement
d.
Interaction with the environment
Chemistry of Carbon
1. Carbon can form four covalent bonds.
2. Carbon can bond with hydrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon
Macromolecules
1. Macromolecules are
“Giant molecules”
2. Macromolecules are
polymers
a. Consist of monomers
(smaller units) that
join together to form
polymers.
b. This process is called
polymerization.
Types of macromolecules
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Polymer/ Macromolecule:
Carbohydrates
1. Carbohydrate function:
a.
Main energy source for organisms
b.
Structure of cell membrane
Carbohydrates
2. Carbohydrates contain: carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen atom
3. Monomer units = monosaccharides
Carbohydrates
4. Examples
a. Saccharides
1. Monosaccharide = single sugar molecule
2. Polysaccharide = polymer of monosaccharides
Carbohydrates
b. Starch: Complex carbohydrates
(polysaccharides) that store extra sugar
1. In animals, starch is called glycogen
2. In plants, “plant starch”
Polymer/ Macromolecule: Lipids
1. Lipid function
a.
Main part of cell membrane
b.
Can be used to store energy
2. Lipids contain: mostly carbon and
hydrogen atoms; some oxygen atoms
Lipids
3.
Monomer units: glycerol and fatty acid
4.
Not soluble in water
5.
Examples: fats, oils,
waxes, steroids
Lipids
6. Types of Lipids
a. Unsaturated fatty acids are found
in lipids that are liquid at room
temperature
Example: Olive oil
b. Saturated fatty acids are found in
lipids that are solids at room
temperature
Example: Shortening
Types of Lipids
Saturated = only single bonds, maximum number of H atoms
Unsaturated = at least on C = C double bond
lipid
lipid
Glycerol + fatty acid
lipids + water
Polymer/ Macromolecule: Proteins
1. Protein function:
a. control cell processes
b. build bones and muscles
c. help fight disease
Polymer/ Macromolecule: Proteins
2. Proteins contain: nitrogen, carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
3. Monomer units = amino acids
a. 20 types of amino acids
b. Same general structure, but different
R group
Amino Acids
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
Polymer/Macromolecule:
Nucleic Acids
1. Nucleic Acid function: Store and transmit
genetic information
2. Nucleic acids contain: hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus atoms
Nucleotide
3. Monomer units =
nucleotides. A
nucleotide has
three parts:
a. 5-carbon sugar
(ribose or
deoxyribose)
b. Phosphate group
c. Nitrogenous base
(adenine, guanine,
cytosine, thymine,
uracil)
Nucleic Acids
4.
Two types
a. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
b. RNA (ribonucleic acid) RNA
DNA
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Monosaccharides
Glycerol and
Fatty Acids
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
DNA and RNA
Enzymes
(Chapter 2.4)
How do you get macromolecules?
• You eat them
• Your body makes them
What is a “Nutrition Facts Label”?
Macromolecules
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
What is a “Nutrition Facts Label”?
Big Mac
What percent of your total daily
value of fat comes from 1 Big Mac?
47%
Of the total fat, what percentage is
saturated fat?
33%
Approximately what is the maximum
amount of cholesterol a person on a
2000 calorie per day diet should
consume?
360 mg
How many Bic Macs would you have to
eat to receive 100% of the
recommended daily value of Vitamin C?
50
By how many grams does the
amount of fat exceed the Daily Value
for someone on a 2000 calorie diet?
18 grams
Approximately what percentage of
total daily calories are consumed by
eating 1 triple whopper? Assume a
2000 calorie diet.
60%
If you each the whole
candy bar, how many
calories have you
consumed?
740
If you each the whole
candy bar, what
percentage of your
daily saturated fat
intake have you
consumed?
120%
Many doctors recommend 800 µg of folate,
400 µg of vitamin B12, and 50 mg of vitamin
B6 per day to improve cardiovascular health.
Based on this information and the nutrition
label, the cardiovascular health benefit of a
1-ounce serving of this cereal is —
A doubtful because it provides insufficient
folate and vitamin B6 and lacks vitamin B12
B superb because it contains only 22 g of
carbohydrates and 75 mg of sodium
C excellent because it provides all needed
vitamins and is low in fat and cholesterol
D poor because it raises blood cholesterol
levels with its high fat and cholesterol content