Transcript The Black Death - The Independent School

THE CRISIS AND
REBIRTH OF EUROPE
Ch. 13
Little Ice Age
 Beginning of the Fourteenth
Century --The Little Ice
Age.
 What effect will this have on
the people of Europe?
The Black Death
Cities disappeared in
Germany and England.
Recurring epidemics. 1361
and 1369
Population rebounds: 1490s
Full recovery: 1550s
 Black Death (Yersinia
pestis) Fun Facts!
 Killed from 19-38 million
people in four years
 Population decreased by 2550 percent.
 Forms included:
 Bubonic plague (most
common form. )
 Pneumonic plague
 Why were rats such a
problem?
Spread of Plague
 Plague started in Asia.
 What spreads it westward?
 Trading Caravans bring it
to Caffa on the Black Sea
in 1346
 Italian merchants bring it
from Caffa to Sicily in
1347.
 Spread quickly through
Europe from there.
Social Consequences
 Popular explanations
for plague?
 Flagellants
 Jewish persecutions
 Persecuted in Spain
 Worst pogroms in
Germany.
 Many Jews fled east to
Poland and Russia,
where the monarchs
agreed to protect
them.
Economic and Social Upheaval
 Trade declined and some industries
suffered greatly.
 Nobles hit hard.
 Why does the plague hurt the nobles
economically?
 Peasants benefited.
 Why does the plague help the peasants
economically?
 How will the nobles attempt to re-establish
control?
Peasant Revolts
 1358 Jacquerie. Northern France.
 1381 English peasant revolt.
 Causes:
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How do higher wages contribute to the revolts?
King imposed a poll tax. How did this contribute?
Uprising killed many nobles.
Law of Rising Expectations
 What is the long-term effect of these revolts on
European society?
Economic Recovery
 15th century Europe gradually
recovered
 Manufacturing and trade
increased.
 Italian merchants trading
throughout the Med. Also
trading with European Atlantic
seaboard.
 England and Flanders.
 Hanseatic League—Northern
Germany.
 Flanders becomes an
economic crossroads
New Industry
 Industries
 Woolen industries of Flanders and
northern Italian states bounced back
strongly in the 15th Century.
 Italian cities develop luxury goods—
glass, silks, metal works.
 Development of capital and rise in wealth
of merchant class.
 Banking Florence
 Medici family
Cosimo de’Medici
The Hundred Years War
 In the 13th Century, English
still retained one small
possession in France—Duchy
of Gascony.
 1337 French king, Philip VI,
seized Gascony.
 Edward III declares war on
France.
 Edward III is the son of Edward II
and a French princess: Salic
descent
End of Knights
 French army dominated by
knights.
 Foot soldiers had cross-bows
 Why are English foot soldiers
more effective than French?
 Longbows vs crossbow
 Crecy (1346): Knights no
longer effective in “modern”
war
 First use of rudimentary
cannon.
Battle of Poitiers
 Battle of Poitiers: 1356
 English archers decimate the French cavalry.
 King Jean II of France captured
 A decisive win for England, but does not
win the overall war.
 Why not?
 War continues on and off for the next 50
years. Then a 20-year truce in 1396
Battle of Agincourt
 Henry V—English king renews the war in 1415.
 Battle of Agincourt
 Heavily armored French knights attempted to attack
across a muddy field and are badly defeated.
 Loss of 1500 French nobles.
 Henry forges an alliance with the Duke of Burgundy,
making the English masters of northern France.
 March to the walls of Paris.
Joan of Arc
 Convinces Charles to let her fight
with army.
 Helps lead French to victory at
Orleans.
 French start pushing back the
English
 How does this change the
fortunes of King Charles VII?
 Joan is captured; given to
Inquisition
 Tried for witchcraft; burned in
1431.
Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orléans
by Jules Eugène Lenepveu, painted
1886–1890
The New Monarchies
 Feudal system was breaking down in 14th
Century.
 Kings need nobles less. Why?
 What has the chronic warfare taught people
about kings vs. nobles?
 New Monarchies—
 middle of the 15th Century monarchs had a
resurgence of power
 began to consolidate their strength
 gain clear superiority over nobles.
New Monarchies
France
 What effects does the Hundred Years’ War have
on France?
 Economically?
 Psychologically?
 Politically?
 Louis XI was key to beginning the creation of
strong French territorial state.
 What did he do…
 To consolidate his power?
 To break the power of rivals?
New Monarchies
England
 After the war, England experienced a civil
war. Wars of the Roses.
 Defeat of Richard III of Lancaster by a
coalition of nobles.
 Henry VII: Tudor dynasty.
 He strengthened the monarchy and
reduced dissent from the nobles. How…
 Did he break his rivals’ power?
 Did he use taxes to remain popular?
 Compare Henry VII’s and Louis XI’s methods
of statecraft.
New Monarchies
Spain
 14th Century: Spanish
started pushing out the
Moors.
 Iberian Peninsula
divided between
several different
Kingdoms.
 What is the overall
strategic picture?
New Monarchies
Spain
 Major step toward unified Spain --marriage
of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of
Castile.
 Not a political merger. Each maintained
separate governments.
 Worked together to strengthen the power
of the monarchy. How…
 Did they break the power of nobility?
 Did they secure the kingdoms against
rebellion and invasion?
New Monarchies
Spain—Control of Church
 How and why do Ferdinand
and Isabella get control of
the Spanish Catholic
Church?
 Impose strict religious
uniformity. Inquisition
 In 1492 expel all practicing
Jews: 150,000 to 200,000.
 Also expelled all professing
Muslims
New Monarchies
Holy Roman Empire
 Holy Roman Empire failed to develop a
strong central Monarchy.
 Virtually independent states in loose
confederation.
 Princes and high nobles—Saxony, Bavaria
 Free city-states—Nuremberg
 Ecclesiastical states—church lands headed
by high church officials.
 How do the Hapsburgs attain power?
Holy
Roman
Empire
New Monarchies
Eastern Europe
 Suffered from racial
and religious tensions
 Slavs vs. European.
Orthodox vs. Catholic.
 Poland
 End of the 15th century
the king weakened and
nobles seize control.
Why?
 “You don’t vote for kings!”
Why not?
New Monarchies
Russia
 Russia had been under
domination of Mongols since the
thirteenth century.
 How did the Grand Princes of
Moscow attain power?
 Ivan III’s (late 1400s) new
Russian state is born by
annexing other principalities.
 Mongols defied:1480.
Ottoman Turks
 During the late
middle ages Eastern
Europe was
increasingly
threatened by the
Ottoman Turks.
 Byzantine empire
had acted as a
buffer, but it finally
dies in 1453.
 Threatens Vienna.
Why no Crusade?
Italian States
 Italian states never coalesced into a country.
No central king. Many territories controlled
by outside powers.
 Kingdom of Naples (French house of Anjou)
 Sicily (Spanish house of Aragon)
 Papal States.
 Three large independent states
 Venice—very stable and very rich from trade.
 Milan—Northwest Italy. Also very rich from trade
 Florence—Dominated by small, wealthy merchant
oligarchy. Medici family was the real power.
 Italian states were cultural
centers.
 Renaissance hit here first.
 Where does the money
for Renaissance art come
from? Why is it spent on
art?
 Women had
comparatively much more
influence in politics than
elsewhere. Why?
Machiavelli and the New Statecraft
 Niccolo Machiavelli --one of the first political scientists.
 Had been a diplomat for the Republic of Florence.
 What happened?
 Thoughts on The Prince?
 His basic thesis?
 The use of power is an amoral thing.
 Duty of the ruler is to act for the good of the state as a whole by
maintaining order.
 Humans driven by fear of consequences and desire for gain.
Self-centered. Thus, ruling based on Christian principles is
ineffective.
 Must rule by imposing fear or using inducements.
 Nice guys finish last; ends justify the means
The Decline Of The Church
 The Power of Pope began a slow decline after 13th
Century.
 Effect of meddling in secular affairs?
 On Kings?
 On People?
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Pope Boniface VIII vs. Phillip IV of France
Unam Sanctum
How does Phillip move against Boniface?
Clement V
Moves the Pope’s residence to Avignon, under the sway
of France.
 Why does this undermine the power and authority of
the Pope?
The Papacy at Avignon (1305-1378)
and The Great Schism
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Gregory XI
Urban VI
Clement VII
Great Schism badly damaged the faith
of Christian believers
 Council of Constance (1414)
The Problems of Heresy and Reform
 These problems with the
church led to renewed calls for
reform.
 The Hussite rebellion. What
happened to John Hus and
what did he do?
 Led to 20 years of uprisings in
Bohemia.
Council of Constance
 Council tries to deal with the excessive power of
the Papacy by passing two resolutions.
 First created a general council superior to the Pope.
 Second called for regular meetings of the general
council to maintain an ongoing reform of the church.
 What is the problem?
 By mid 1400s Popes have regained their
supremacy over the Church.
 But what power have they lost?
The Renaissance Papacy
 Refers to the Popes after
great Schism and before the
Reformation (early 1500s).
 What response do the
Popes make to their loss of
temporal authority?
 Julius II: The Warrior Pope
 Popes were very active
patrons of the Renaissance.
 St. Peter’s Basilica
Renaissance
 Renaissance—Means
rebirth.
 Late 14th and 15th century is
a rebirth of culture, art and
secular intellectual activity.
 Started in different places at
different time.
 Is a gradual process.
 Starts first in Italy and
spreads from there.
Renaissance
 Characteristics of the
Renaissance:
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Urban; fueled by new wealth
Secular
Return to antiquity
emphasis on individual
Elitist
RENAISSANCE SOCIETY
Changes in the Medieval Classes.
 First estate—Clergy—keepers of men’s souls
 Second estate—Nobility.
 Third estate—Peasants and townspeople.
 The Nobility
 The nobility face declining incomes, but keeps its
strong hold on society and government.
 2 – 3% of the population.
 How does the nature of the nobility change?
 Courtiers.
 The Book of the Courtier, by Castiglione
Commoners: Peasants and
Townspeople
 (Peasants) made up the overwhelming majority
of the third estate. 85-90% of the total European
population in most areas.
 Because of plague fewer in serfdom.
 More serfdom in Eastern Europe and Russia.
 People of the towns and cities.
 Merchants, artisans and others in the merchant class.
 Patricians. Wealth allowed them to dominate their
communities.
 Petty burghers and shopkeepers, artisans and
guildsmen.
 Propertyless workers. 30-40 percent of city
population; lived in or near poverty.
Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy
 In Renaissance Italy the family was an important
source of economic security.
 Marrying well was of vital importance. Forged
alliances
 Marriage contracts.
 Dowry.
 paterfamilias
 Role of Wife
 Maternal death rate
 Infant mortality
Humanism
 Define: Humanism
 Focus on the study of “humanities”
or “liberal arts”
 Petrarch—father of Italian
Renaissance (1304-1374)
 Civic Humanism
 Emerged in Florence but soon spread
to other Italian cities and beyond.
 Humanists serve as councilors,
advisors and chancellors.
 Humanists revived interest in
classic Greek scholars
Humanism and Philosophy
 What does humanism emphasize?
 Compare with scholasticism
 Second half of the 15th Century a dramatic
upsurge in interest in Plato.
 Renaissance Hermeticism
 The Development of Vernacular Literature
 Dante
 Christine de Pisan
The Impact of Printing
 Development of printing was
critical to the spread of
Renaissance ideas.
 One of the most significant
developments in human history.
 intellectual critical mass
 preserved for later scholars.
 Johannes Gutenberg
 Movable type
 Gutenberg’s Bible