Transcript Chapter_9_Teacher_Notes

Chapter 9
Cell Processes
I.
A.
Chemistry of Life
The Nature of Matter
-Everything in your environment is made up
of matter – anything that has mass and takes
up space
-Energy can hold matter together or break it
apart.
1. Atoms
a) Protons – positively
charged particles
b) Neutrons – neutrally
charged particles
c) Electrons – negatively
charged particles
2. Elements – when something is
made up of only 1 type of atom
a) 6 elements make up 99% of living matter – S,
P, O, N, C, & H
3. Compounds – made up of 2 or
more elements in exact proportions
a) Molecular compounds – occur when
different atoms share the outermost electrons
-molecule – a group of atoms held together
by energy
b) Ionic compound – occur when ions of
opposite charges attract to one another to form
electrically neutral compounds
4. Mixture – combination of
substances in which individual
substances retain their own
properties
B. Organic Compounds
1.
Organic Compounds – compounds that
always contain hydrogen and carbon and
usually are associated with living things
a) Carbohydrates – organic molecules that
supply energy for cell processes
- ex. Sugars, starch, cellulose
b) Lipids – organic compounds that store and
release even more energy than carbohydrates
-ex. Oils, butter, phospholipids
c) Proteins – organic compounds made up of
amino acids and are the building blocks of many
structures in organisms
-ex. Meats, eggs, and nuts
-enzymes – proteins that regulate chemical
reactions in cells
d) Nucleic Acids – organic compounds that
store important coded information in cells.
-ex. DNA & RNA
C. Inorganic Compounds
1. Inorganic Compounds – compounds made
from elements other than carbon
- ex. Water & hydrochloric acid
II. Moving Cellular Materials
-The Cell Membrane controls what materials
enter and exit the cell.
-Selectively Permeable- allowing some
materials to pass through while keeping others
out
A. Passive Transport – the movement
of substances through a cell
membrane without the use of energy
1. Diffusion – the random movement of
molecules from an area where there is relatively
more to an area where there is relatively few.
a) equilibrium – when the number of
molecules in one area is relatively equal to the
next area
2.
Osmosis – the diffusion of water through a
cell membrane
3.
Facilitated Diffusion – larger molecules are
helped into the cell with the help of proteins
called transport proteins.
Link to Celery/Potato Slic Lab
Worksheet
Link to Model Cell Lab Worksheet
Link to Diffusion/Osmosis
Practice Problems
Link to Diffusion in Cells
worksheet
B. Active Transport
-Active Transport – when an input of energy is
required to move materials through a cell
membrane
1. Endocytocis – the process of taking a
substance into a cell by surrounding it with the
cell membrane
2. Exocytosis – the process of taking a
substance out of a cell
III. Energy for Life
A.
Trapping and Using Energy
-metabolism – the total of all chemical
reactions in an organism
-the chemical reactions of metabolism need
enzymes
1.
Photosynthesis – producers use light energy
to make sugars, which can be used as food
a) Occurs in the chloroplasts in plant cells.
b) CO2 + H2O + light → C6H12O6 + O2
(Carbon Dioxide + Water + light energy
→Sugar + Oxygen)
c) Producers make more energy than they
need. They store the excess as starches or
carbohydrates.
2. Respiration – chemical reactions occur that
break down food molecules into simpler
substances and release energy.
a) Starts in the cytoplasm, then takes place in
the mitochondria
b) C6H12O6 + O2→energy + CO2 + H2O
(Sugar + Oxygen→mechanical energy + carbon
dioxide + water)
c) Occurs in all organisms.
Link to CO2 indicator lab ws
Link to Plant Photosynthesis and
Respiration Lab ws
3.
Fermentation – process where cells release
energy from sugar when there is not enough
oxygen
a) occurs in the cytoplasm
b) creates some energy and produces wastes
– lactic acid, alcohol, or carbon dioxide