Transcript ppt review - San Diego Unified School District

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Directions:
For each slide, write down the top main idea (blue ink)
and then write each sub heading (purple ink).
Then, write bullets for the information.
*note the columns can be more than one depending
on the slide
Example:
Martin Luther and the Reformation in Italy
Martin Luther
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Rise of Lutheranism
•
•
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Chapter 12
Recovery and Rebirth:
The Age of the
Renaissance
Elaine Angon
Pages 302-318
Making of Renaissance Society
& Social Changes
Meaning and
Characteristics
•
slow recuperation
from effects of
Black Death,
political disorder
and economic
recession.
•
Revival of classical
antiquity
•
Revived emphasis
on individual
Economic Recovery
3 estates
•
Merchants flourish
commerce to
Mediterranean and
expand lines of trade
North at Atlantic
seaboard.
•
•
•
Clergy
Nobility
Peasants and
Townspeople
•
Entrepreneurs
developed mining
operations.
Slavery
• Agricultural slavery
was replaced by
serfdom
• Reappear first in
Spain where
Christian and Muslims
use captured
prisoners as slaves.
Independent
City-States
•
•
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Italian States
Northern Italy
Florence
Papal residence in
Avignon & the Great
Schism
Kingdom of Naples
Warfare in Italy
•
•
Concept of balance
of power, design to
prevent
aggrandizement of
one state at expense
of others.
King Charles VIII
(1483-1498):
o French
o Advance through
Italy and occupy
kingdom of Naples
o French and Spanish
compete to
dominate Italy
Machiavelli (14691527)
•
“The Prince” (1513)
o Reflect political
power
o Major concern:
acquisition and
expansion of political
power to restore and
maintain order.
Intellectual Renaissance
(Humanism)
Leonardo Bruni
(1370-1444)
Petrarch (1304-1374)
•
•
Father of Italian Renaissance
humanism.
Characterized Mid Ages as
period of darkness
Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499)
• Based on 2 works: synthesis of
Christianity and Platonism
• Theory of spiritual or Platonic
love
•
•
Humanist, Florentine
patriot and chancellor
of city
Wrote “New Cicero”
o Wax enthusiastic
about fusion of
political action and
creation of Cicero
life.
Continue (Intellectual Renaissance)…
Hermeticism
Cosimo de’ Medici
•
•
Translated into Latin a
Greek work title “Corpus
Hermeticum”
Two writings:
o emphasis on astrology,
alchemy and magic
o focused on theological
and philosophical beliefs
and speculations
Giovanni Pico della
Mirandola (1463-1494)
•
•
“Oration on the Dignity of
Man”
Avid interest in Hermetic
philosophy, accept as
“science of the Divine”
Education
Vittorino da Feltre (13781446)
•
•
Educational system
based of Cicero &
Quintilian
Offered “liberal studies”
o Purpose: produce
individuals who followed
path of virtue & wisdom
Chapter 12
Artistic Renaissance
Leanna Cabiling
Pages 318-333
Impact of Printing
•
•
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1445-1450
Printing Presses established in HRE in 1460s
probably 50% religious
Encouraged the development of scholarly
research
Artistic Renaissance
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Masaccio (1401-1428)
Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510)
Donato di Donatello (1386-1466)
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)
Piero Della Francesa (c. 1410-1492)
High Renaissance
• Dominated by three artistic giants:
A. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
B. Raphael (1483-1520)
C. Michelangelo (1475-1564)
• Donato Bramante (1444-1514)
• Northern Artistic Renaissance
A. Jan Van Eyck (c.1340-1441)
B. Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)
• Music
C. Guillaume Dufay (c. 1400-1474)
Growth of the French
Monarchy
•
•
•
Charles VII (1422-1461)
King Louis XI (1461-1483)
Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1467-1477)
European States
• Unification of Spain
• Success of the Habsburgs
due to a well-executed
policy of dynastic
marriages
• Struggle for strong
monarchy in Eastern
Europe
• End of the Byzantine
Empire
The Church
• Problems of Heresy
• Renaissance Papacy
• Pope Leo X
Chapter 13 Reformation
and Religious Warfare in
th
the 16 Century
Dominique Dela Cruz
Pages 337-353
Christian or Northern Renaissance
Humanism
Erasmus
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“Praise of Folly”
(1511)- criticized
the most corrupt
practices of his
own society
Thomas Moore
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•
Most famous work is
“Utopia” (1516) – the
account of the
idealistic life and
institutions of Utopia,
an imaginary island in
the vicinity of the
New World
Utopian society is
based on communal
ownership rather than
private ownership
Corruption of the
Church
• Highest position of the
clergy were held by
wealthy members of
the bourgeoisie
• Pluralism
• Absenteeism
• Sold Indulgences
Martin Luther and the
Reformation in Germany
Martin Luther
•
•
Believes that humans are
saved not through good works
but by faith alone
Twin Pillars of the Protestant
Reformation
― Justification by faith
― Bible as the sole authority in
religious affairs
•
•
Ninety-Five Theses= indictment
of the abuses in the sales of
indulgences
Edict of Worms- Martin Luther
was made an outlaw within the
empire
Rise of Lutheranism
•
•
•
Lutheranism spread to princely
and ecclesiastical states in
Germany
Luther called German princes
to “smite, slay, and stab” the
peasants
Luther only kept 2/7 Catholic
Church’s Sacraments
― Baptism & Lord’s Supper
Religion and Politics
French, Papacy, and the
Turks
•
•
1519- Charles I, king of Spain,
was elected as Holy Roman
Emperor as Charles V
Rivalry w/ the Valois king of
France, Francis I -> HapsburgValois Wars ( 1521-1544)
Politics in Germany
•
•
February 1531- 8 princes and 11
imperial cities formed a
defensive alliance known as
the Schmalkaldic League
1st phase of the Schmalkaldic
Wars
― emperor’s forces decisively
defeated the Lutherans at the
Battle of Muhlberg
•
1555- Peace of Augsburg
― end to religious warfare in
Germany
Spread of the Protestant
Reformation
Zwinglian Reformation
•
Ulrich Zwingli
Anabaptists
•
― Cathedral priest in Great
Minister of Zurich in 1518 ->
began a reformation
•
― Advocated adult baptism
― All believers were considered
equal
― Rejected theological
speculation
― Believed in complete
separation of church and state
― Refused to hold political affair
or bear arms
Zwinglian Reformation
― All paintings and decorations
were removed from churches
― Mass was replaced w/ scripture
reading, prayer, and sermons
― Monasticism, pilgrimages,
venerations of saints, clerical
celibacy, relics, images, and
pope’s authority were all
abolished
― Music as eliminated from
service
Anabaptism
•
Menno Simons- responsible for
rejuvenating Dutch
Anabaptism
― Followers= Mennonites
Reformation in England
•
•
•
•
King Henry VIII wanted to
divorce Catherine of Aragon
because he fell in love w/ Anne
Boleyn
He abolished papal authority in
England -> completing the
break of the church in England
by passing the Act of
Supremacy in 1534
Act of Supremacy
Treason Act
Calvinism
•
•
John Calvin- systematic
theologian and organization of
the Protestant movement
Calvinism
― -emphasized on the absolute
sovereignty of God, or the
“power, grace, and glory of
God”
― -predestination
― -3 tests that might indicate
possible salvation: open
profession of faith, a “decent
and godly life”, and
participation in the sacraments
of baptism and communion
― -stressed that there could be
no absolute certainty of
salvation
― -kept two sacraments: Baptism
and Lord’s Supper
Chapter 13 Reformation
The Social Impact of the
Protestant Reformation,
The Catholic Reformation,
& The Wars of Religion
Carlos Lanada
Pages 353-365
Major Playas(People)
• Ignatius Loyola
o Founder of the Jesuits
• Philip II
o Ruler of Spain
o Advocate of Militant Catholicism
• Elizabeth of England
o Ruler of England
o Able to end conflicts w/o military action
Major Events
• The Catholic Reformation
• French Wars of Religion
• Revolts of the Netherlands