Transcript Biochemistry

Biochemistry
Matter
• Anything that has mass and takes up
space
Atoms
• basic building blocks of matter that make
up everyday objects
– 90 naturally occurring kinds of atoms
– Scientists have been able to make about 25
more
Element
• Made of only 1 type of atom
Elements to Know
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Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorous (P)
Compounds
• 2 or more types of atoms combined in a
fixed ratio
• H2O: Water
• CO2: Carbon Dioxide
Water
• Polar molecule: molecule with regions of +
and – charges
• Cohesion: attraction between molecules of
the same substance
• Adhesion: attraction between molecules of
2 different substances
– Capillary action
• Solid ice is less dense than liquid water
Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds
• Organic Compounds: contain carbon
– Almost always contains hydrogen
– Usually contain oxygen and nitrogen
• Inorganic Compounds: do not contain
carbon
– Exceptions
• Carbon dioxide
• Calcium carbonate
Macromolecules
• Large molecules formed by joining smaller
molecules together
• Biological Macromolecules are arranged in
4 categories
– (1) Carbohydrates
– (2) Lipids
– (3) Proteins
– (4) Nucleic Acids
Polymers
• Molecules made from repeating units of
monomers (small molecule)
Monomer
Polymer
Monomers
Polymers
1. Carbohydrates
• Store energy and provide
structural support
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Formula (CH2O)n
– n indicates # of units in the chain
Carbohydrates
• Sugars (end in –ose)
– Monosaccharides: 1 sugar
– Disaccharides: 2 sugars
– Polysaccharides: many sugars
Storage of Sugars
• organisms store excess sugar in
polysaccharides
– Starch: plants
– Glycogen: animal
Structure
• Cellulose: cell wall
in plants
• Chitin: shells of insects
How are disaccharides and
polysaccharides made from
monosaccharides?
• Dehydration Synthesis:
Putting together
Removing
water
How are polysaccharides and
disaccharides broken back down
into monosaccharides?
• Hydrolysis: add water to break bond
2. Lipids
• Fats, oils, waxes
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Part of cell structures and serve as back
up energy supply
Fat structure
• Glycerol + 3 fatty acids (combined by
dehydration synthesis)
hydrophobic
hydrophillic
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
• Saturated: all single Carbon to Carbon
bonds (straight chain)
butter
oils
• Unsaturated: one or more double bonds
(bent chain)
3. Proteins
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen
– Can contain sulfur and phosphorous
• Cell communication, enzymes, structure,
antibodies
Amino Acid
Amino
group
Carboxyl group
20 Amino
Acids
Protein Structure
• Amino acids bonded together by
dehydration synthesis
Peptide Bond
• Bond which forms between amino group of
one amino acid and carboxyl group of
another amino acid
• Dipeptide: 2 amino acids bonded together
• Polypeptide: long chain of amino acids
4. Nucleic Acids
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
phosphorous, and nitrogen
• Include DNA and RNA
Hereditary material
protein synthesis
DNA
• Deoxyribonucleic acid
• Long chain of repeating nucleotides
– 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate
group, nitrogen base
2 strands
Double helix
RNA
• Ribonucleic acid
• 5 carbon sugar (ribose), phosphate group,
nitrogen base
One Strand
Deoxyribose vs. Ribose
Macromolecule
(Polymer)
Lipids
Building Block
(Monomer)
Monosaccharides
(sugars)
Fatty Acids
Proteins
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotides
Carbohydrate