Transcript The Renaissance Man

Unit 2: Early Modern Times
During this unit, you will:
• Know the major developments that led to the
emergence of modern Europe.
• Understand how religion, culture, economics
and politics changed during the Renaissance,
Reformation, Exploration and Absolutist
movements.
• Explain the short-term and long-term effects
of these changes.
Renaissance
• Essential Questions:
– What were the key ideas and figures that defined
the Renaissance?
– How has the Renaissance shaped our World
Today?
“We are entering an age of light coming out of the gothic
gloom.”
–Francesco Petrarch
-
-
-
Middle Ages
Preoccupation with the
afterlife = Church
Pessimism: Life was a
march to death
Christian Humbleness
discourages selfabsorption
Man created in God’s
image but fails to meet
the standard
Later Middle Ages Art
Later Middle Ages Art
Later Middle Ages Art
Gothic Architecture
Gothic Architecture (Interior)
Why did the Renaissance begin in
Italy?
• Location• Seat of Catholic Church (Patronage)
• Economic wealth of Patron families (Ex.
Medici’s in Florence)
• Political Centralization (city-states) provided
stability
• Center of the Classical world
What events sparked the Renaissance?
• Discovery of Classic
texts in Islamic Libraries
• “Reconquista” As Spain
taken back from Moors
Classical artifacts are rediscovered
• Fall of Constantinople –
Greek Exodus (1453)
• Crusades and Trade
introducing Eastern Math
concepts & Architecture
Renaissance Themes
Individualism
- Glorification of
Uniqueness
- Stress on
personality, genius,
athleticism, artistic
ability
- Maximize potential
- Fame, Glory,
Ambition
Renaissance Themes
Humanism
- Revival of Greco-Roman
literature and philosophy
- Focus on human traits
rather than God
Renaissance Themes
-
-
-
Secularism
Material over Spiritual
Explain
accomplishments with
Senses (ex. Galileo)
Here & Now
Renaissance Man
sought comfort of the
senses
Life is a Journey not a
destination
The Renaissance Man
“….man could write a
poem, wrestle, sing
a song, and
accompany himself
on an instrument,
ride expertly, solve
math problems, and
above all speak and
write eloquently.”
- Castiglione,
The Courtier (1528)
The Renaissance Man
- Educationally focused
- History, Rhetoric, Ethics
- What is Virtue?
- Young Nobility (Elitist
Movement)
- Education about ruling
and/or running a
business
Technological Innovations of
the Renaissance
Printing
-1455 – Johann
Gutenberg, Fust,
Schoffer create
movable type
-More effective
communication in
government,
propaganda,
“invisible public,”
stimulates literacy of
laypeople in church
Technological Innovations of the Renaissance
-
-
Clocks
Quantification of
Time becomes
important
“Time is Money”
Control of Universe
Creation of set
work hours
Women and the Renaissance
- Renaissance is a maledominated movement
- Status of Upper Class
women declines (work,
property, political power) Marriage
- Women were decorations for
a man
- Improvement for middle to
lower class women.
Italian Art
• Italians were able to spend a lot of money on
art. (patronage)
– Art communicated social, political, and spiritual
values.
– Italian banking & international trade interests had
the money.
– Reverted back to the Classics for inspiration
****Art for the first time is not controlled by the
Catholic Church!****
Florence, Italy
• Geography makes
Florence the ideal
Renaissance city
– Continental trade passes
through Florence
– Banking is foundation of
economy
– Central to culture and
art
The Medici
• Gained their fortune through Banking and the
textile trade in Europe
• Lorenzo the Magnificent
Sculptures of the Medici
1478 - 1521
1517 - 1574
Medici Architecture
The Medici Palace
Medici Chapel
 Filippo Brunelleschi
1377 - 1436
 Architect-built the
dome of Florence
 Cuppolo of St. Maria
del Fiore
Filippo Brunelleschi
• Commissioned to
build the cathedral
dome.
– Used unique
architectural concepts.
 He studied the
ancient
Pantheon in Rome.
Brunelleschi’s Dome
Four of the World’s Largest Domes
Il Duomo
(Florence)
St. Peter’s
(Rome)
St. Paul’s
(London)
US capital
(Washington)
Comparing Domes
Leonardo Da Vinci
 Artist
 Sculptor
 Architect
 Scientist
 Engineer
 Inventor
1452 - 1519
 Vitruvian Man
 Leonardo da
Vinci
Leonardo the Sculptor
 An
Equestrian
Statue
 1516-1518
His many works based off of the
humanistic form of life…
Leonardo and the Renaissance quest for
knowledge…
An example of the
humanist desire to
unlock the secrets
of nature.
Leonardo’s quest for medical
knowledge
Other Leonardo works
Michelangelo
 1475 – 1564
 David
 Michelangelo
Buonarotti
 1504
 Marble
The Pieta
Michelangelo
Buonarroti
1499
marble
The Sistine Chapel’s works
Sistine Chapel and Michaelangelo
The
Creation
of the
Heavens
Sistine Chapel and Michaelangelo
(Con’t)
Creation of Man
Michelangelo
Self-Portrait, 1506
Portrait of the Artist with
a Friend, 1518
Raphael
 Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: The
Duke & Dutchess of Urbino
 The Duke tried to kill Lorenzo!
Raphael and his works
Sistine Madonna
Cowpepper Madonna
)
More Raphael works
Madonna della Sedia
Alba Madonna
Da Vinci
Raphael
Michelangelo
Pope Leo X
 A Medici Pope.
 He went through the
Vatican treasury in a
year!
 His extravagances
offended even some
cardinals [as well as
Martin Luther!].
 Started selling
indulgences.
Who is Castiglione?
 Castiglione
represented the
humanist
“gentleman” as
a man of
refinement and
self-control.
“The Renaissance Man”
 Broad knowledge about many things in
different fields.
 Deep knowledge/skill in one area.
 Able to link information from different
areas/disciplines and create new
knowledge.
 “well-rounded man”
Machiavelli
• Niccolo Machiavelli was an influential
politician, diplomat and philosopher for Italian
city-states.
• Wrote The Prince in 1513 as a guidebook for
Renaissance men to succeed in Politics and
society. Described how to use diplomacy and
be a gentleman in life…NOT the power politics
that had dominated the Renaissance before.
William Shakespeare
• Was Part of the
Northern Renaissance
• Wrote 37 plays,
including Hamlet,
Twelfth Night and the
Tempest.
• Was a playwright, actor,
translator (into the
vernacular), critic, poet
Sir Thomas More
Reformation
• Essential Questions:
– What caused the Reformation?
– How did the Reformation act as a balance to the
Renaissance?
– What governmental, economic, cultural and
religious repercussions developed from the
Reformation?
Causes of the Reformation?
 Catholic Church corruption
o Pope’s need for money  indulgences
o 1/3 of Europe  church land
o Avignon Papacy
 Development of personal devotions  suspicion of clergy
 Gutenberg Printing Press
Martin Luther(1483-1546)
• Grew up in present-day
Germany
• Professor of Theology
• Saw the indulgences
and other corrupt
practices of the Catholic
Church.
• One event sparked his
role in the history of
western theology.
Luther’s 95 Thesis
• Johann Tetzel’s Church in Wittenberg
– In 1517, offers people indulgences for
contributions to the St. Peter Cathedral in Rome.
– “These indulgences would assure salvation”
• Luther protests
– Writes 95 reasons why indulgences are wrong
with Christianity and the Bible.
Church Response
• Pope Urban II asks Luther to apologize, or
recant, for his statements.
– (Luther says “no way”)
• Pope Excommunicates Luther from all Church
influenced land and businesses.
• Diet of Worms
– Luther asked to recant again, again refuses!!!
Edict of Worms
"For this reason we forbid anyone from this time
forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to
receive, defend, sustain, or favor the said Martin
Luther. On the contrary, we want him to be
apprehended and punished as a notorious
heretic, as he deserves, to be brought personally
before us, or to be securely guarded until those
who have captured him inform us, whereupon we
will order the appropriate manner of proceeding
against the said Luther. Those who will help in his
capture will be rewarded generously for their
good work."[
Luther’s Beliefs
• Only God has control on who may enter heaven.
• Only way to heaven is by Faith, not by
indulgences or other contributions.
• Both men and women can receive religious
schooling.
• Bible is the main source of leading a pious and
religious life.
– Spread of books allows many people to read the ideas
of Luther, as well as the Bible.
The Spread of the Printing Press
The Spread of Lutheranism/ Protestantism
The Peasant Revolt - 1525
• German peasants
against their Catholic
Nobles and the
Catholic Church
• Peace of Augsburg
Counter-Reformation
• Catholic Church attacks
Luther and other
Protestants.
– Huguenots
– Anabaptists
• Attacks on Jews
• AND…
Witch Hunts!!!
John Calvin
• Born in France during the
Reformation
• Studied as a priest and
lawyer, and favored the
ideas of Luther.
• Published Institutes of the
Christian Religion.
• Set up a theocracy in
Geneva in 1541.
• Calvin believed in
predestination
Reformation
Europe
(Late 16c)
Reformation Art
• Albrecht Dürer
• Most famous for his
woodcuts and
engravings
– Melancolia 1514
• How would his
engravings influence
the Reformation?
Protestant Work Ethic
• Working Class people
• Since God predestines people, you work hard
to fit into the “cookie cutter” model of the
perfect individual.
– Characteristics: kind, generous, God-fearing and
hardworking
Council of Trent
• Catholic Church met
from 1545-1563
• Set guidelines and
stances
–
–
–
–
Original Sin
Bible Scripture
Eucharist and Baptism
Protestantism
• Same as today
King Henry VIII of England
England and King Henry VIII
• England was ruled by the Tudor government
• Henry VIII separated the Church of England
from the Catholic Church
– Was seeking an annulment: Pope said no
– Main reason was to be able to divorce his wive(s).
– Asked Parliament for legalization: “Act of
Supremacy”
• “The reformation was a rejection of the
secular spirit of the renaissance” defend or
refute this statement using specific examples
from this time period.
• Why did the strictly theological ideas of
Martin Luther trigger political, social, and
religious reactions?