Transcript Ch. 15 Power Point

The Renaissance and
Reformation
(1300–1650)
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Renaissance means “rebirth”
It was a philosophical and artistic movement
with advances in arts and sciences
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The Renaissance was a time of creativity and
change in many areas–political, social,
economic, and cultural. Perhaps most
important, however, were the changes that
took place in the way people viewed
themselves and their world.
Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the here and now. They
emphasized individual achievement.
The Renaissance ideal was the person with
talent in many fields.
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The Renaissance was marked by a new interest
in the culture of ancient Rome. Italy had been
the center of the Roman empire.
The cities of Italy had survived the Middle
Ages and grown into prosperous centers of
trade and manufacturing.
A wealthy merchant class in the Italian citystates stressed education and individual
achievement and spent lavishly on the arts.
Florence produced an amazing number of
gifted poets, artists, architects, scholars, and
scientists.
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At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an
intellectual movement known as humanism.
Humanism emphasized education
Basic belief: Although God created the universe, is was
humans that developed and industrialized it.
Humanism is based on the study of classical
culture (Roman and Greek) and focused on
worldly subjects rather than on religious issues.
Humanists studied the humanities – grammar,
history, poetry, and rhetoric - the subjects taught
in ancient Greece and Rome. They believed that
education should stimulate creativity.
WRITERS
PAINTERS
Wrote self-help books to help
ambitious men and women rise in the
Renaissance world
Developed realistic style
Learned rules of perspective
Used shading to make objects look
round and real
Studied human anatomy
Used live models
ARCHITECTS
Rejected Gothic style
Adopted columns, domes, and arches
that had been favored by the Greeks and
Romans
Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael
(…and Donatello)
LEONARDO
MICHELANGELO
Made sketches of nature
and of models
Talented sculptor, engineer,
painter, architect, and poet
Dissected corpses to learn
how the human body
worked
Sculpted the Pieta and statue
of David
Masterpieces include Mona
Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany, anatomy,
optics, music, architecture,
and engineering
Made sketches for flying
machines and undersea
boats
Painted huge mural to
decorate the ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel in Rome
Designed the dome for St.
Peter’s Cathedral in Rome
RAPHAEL
Studied the works of
Michelangelo and
Leonardo
Paintings blended
Christian and classical
styles
Best known for paintings
of the Madonna, the
biblical mother of Jesus
Self Portrait
Fascination with nature
The Human Form
“Vitruvian Man”
The Human Function
Flying Machines
Last Supper
Mona Lisa
Portrait
David
St. Peter’s Basilica
Sistine Chapel
Renaissance Man video
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The Northern Renaissance began in Flanders
(Belgium) and later spread to Spain, France,
Germany, and England.
Albrecht Durer (“German Leonardo”) traveled to
Italy to study. Through his art and essays, he
helped spread the Renaissance to Germany.
Jan and Hubert van Eyck painted townspeople in
rich, realistic detail. They also developed oil paint.
Pieter Bruegel used vibrant colors to portray
peasant life.
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Northern humanists also stressed
education and classical learning.
At the same time, they believed that this
learning should be used to bring about
religious and moral reforms.
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A printing revolution took place when:
In 1456, Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible using
the first printing press and
printing inks.
 Movable type was
developed twenty years
later.
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IMPACT:
Printed books (especially the BIBLE)
were cheaper and easier to produce.
 With books more readily available,
more people learned to read.
 Readers gained access to a broad range
of knowledge and ideas.
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 English poet who was the towering figure of
Renaissance literature
 Wrote 37 plays that are still performed around
the world
 His love of words vastly enriched the English
language.
 Words “invented” by Shakespeare:
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Addiction, arch-villain, assassination, bedazzled,
belongings, cold-blooded, dishearten, eventful,
eyeball, fashionable, inaudible, manager, newfangled, scuffle, swagger, uncomfortable
Section 3:
The Protestant
Reformation
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Northern humanists said the Catholic Church
had lost sight of its spiritual mission – more
interested in income than saving souls
Claimed that popes acted as political leaders
and warriors rather than moral leaders
Sought a new emphasis on personal faith and
spirituality
Catholic Church ignored them
Humanists urged believers to withdraw from
the church
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Reformation began in “Germany” – made up of
about 300 independent states
Weak rulers could not control new ideas about
religion
Popes were selling indulgences – pardons
from punishment for sin
Sold them just to raise money – outraged
northern humanists
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Monk who criticized selling of indulgences
Taught that inner faith in God was only way to
save your soul – not ceremonies and good
deeds - called “justification by grace through
faith”
1517 – posted 95 statements (“95 theses”) about
indulgences on a church door – openly
disagreed with many Catholic ideas
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Used printing press to spread ideas translated Bible into German
1521 – expelled from Catholic
Church by Pope Leo X
People who protested Holy
Roman Emperor Charles V’s
treatment of Luther’s ideas
became known as Protestants
Established Lutheran Church
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Many German rulers established Lutheran
church within their states
During 1520s and 1530s, hundreds of new
religious groups appeared in Germany and
Switzerland
Called sects – most later died out
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In England – King Henry VIII caused break
with Catholic Church
Henry wanted to divorce his wife and the
Catholic Church did not allow divorces
Thus he withdrew and created Church of
England, with the king at its head
Also known as Anglican Church
Kept most of the organization and ceremonies
of the Catholic Church
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In Switzerland, a French Protestant named
John Calvin founded a Protestant church with a
large following
Wrote a formal set of religious beliefs for
followers to use – this strengthened them
Relied on faith and the Bible, and
predestination
Laws in Geneva included no card playing,
dancing, profanity, or showy dress – breaking
laws resulted in severe punishment
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In France many people converted to Calvinism
–Calvinists in France were called Huguenots
Large Calvinist populations were found in
Scotland, Netherlands, Germany, and some in
Poland and Hungary
Would turn into a form called Puritanism in
England and North America later on
Section 4:
The Catholic
Reformation
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Counter-Reformation began in 1530s when
Catholic Church realized Protestantism posed a
threat
Pope Paul III brought the Inquisition to Rome –
used trial and punishment to keep Catholics in
the church
Pope Paul IV established Index of Forbidden
Books
Council of Trent met to define official church
doctrine
Emphasized need for ceremonies – comforting,
and believed they led to salvation
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Jesuits became a new order – vows of chastity,
poverty, and obedience
Became most effective agents in spreading
Catholicism through mission work and
education
Slowed spread of Protestantism and produced
educated, dedicated supporters
Established Catholic schools and universities
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Appearance of many different churches in
Europe
Strong interest in education – studying the
Bible
Increase in power of national governments
Decrease in power of pope