Transcript Chapter 15 Renaissance and Reformation

Chapter 15, Section 2
The Northern Renaissance
Map of 1500 Europe
I. Spread of Ideas
A. How?
1. Travelers and students went North
2. Commerce created wealth
Converted wine press
Print up to 10 sheets per hour
a. People could afford to educate children
b. More universities built
B. Printing/moveable type
1. First done in China
a. developed a reusable moveable type
2. Johannes Gutenberg, Germany,
a. 1450, first to use moveable type-Printing Press
b. First book printed…The BIBLE
Considered the most
important invention in
history.
Prior to printing press, books
were hand-written.
University of Texas
at Austin
Gutenberg Bible Facts
A copy sold in 1987 for
5.4 million dollars to a
Japanese buyer at a
Christie’s auction.
Impact of Printing Press
1. Technological – within
25 years, the printing
press was all over
Europe spreading
humanists ideas
2. Economic – took jobs
away from Scribes
--some felt it wouldn’t
last
3. Social a. spread humanists thinking
b. print not as “beautiful”
II. Northern Renaissance Writers
A. Erasmus
1. Dutch scholar(humanist) and monk(Christian)
a. learned humanist ideas from books
b. Criticized church’s lack of spirituality
c. Argued for return to simplicity of Jesus’
message
2. Wrote “The Praise of Folly”
a. Poked fun at society: greedy merchants,
heartsick lovers and pompous priests
b. Criticized religious practices: fasting,
pilgrimages, shrines
& bible interpretation
B. Thomas More
1. English humanist
2. Similar views to Erasmus
3. Published “Utopia”
a. condemned govt. as corrupt
b. private ownership=conflict
c. described fictional ideal society
1) all male citizens equal
2) everyone worked to support society
4. Served King Henry VIII of England
a. refused to recognize Henry as head of
church
b. Henry cut off his head
5. Eventually named a saint
C. Christopher Marlowe
1. Plays focused on human
actions, not godly actions
2. Used powerful language and
imagery to convey thoughts
D. William Shakespeare
1. Built on Marlowe’s ideas
2. Wrote dramatic masterpieces
from well known stories
a. characters with personalities and
emotion
b. Hamlet, Romeo & Juliet, Macbeth,
others
III. Northern Renaissance
Artists
A. Flemish School (art school)
1. In Flanders (Belgium)
a. Distinctive style
developed, painting with
oils
2. Jan & Hubert van Eyck
a. attention to detail
b. strong interest in facial
expressions
c. painted an alter piece for
church in Ghent
1) was their
masterpiece
2) faces in Adam &
Eve look realistic
Jan van Eyck
Jan van Eyck perfected the
technique of oil painting.
Madonna of
Chancellor
Rolin
Van Eyck was considered the
leading painter of his day.
He painted mostly portraits and
religious subjects.
He captured subjects in
minute detail (notice the
detail of the floor tiles and the
chancellor’s robe).
The Annunciation
Wings – Divine Messenger
Open Book = knowledge
Words upside down=talking o God
White lillies = purity
1 window=God of Old Testament
3 windows=Trinity of New Testament
7 rays of light=7 gifts of God.
Dove = Holy Ghost & moment of conception
Footstool= Mary a servant of God
Arnolfini
Puppy=fidelity
Shoes off= holy ground
1 candle=Light of Christ
Trees out window- 2nd floor=Rich
Orange on window=Rich
He’s on outside= works outside of home
She’s on inside= Stays at home takes care
of house.
Mirror- 2 people entering room – witness to
marriage (Priest & van Eyck)
Signature “van Eyck was here”
2. Pieter Brueghel
a. Loved country-side and village life with native peasants
b. used paintings to criticize intolerance and cruelty
Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap
1565
3. Albrecht Durer
a. Copper engravings & woodcuts
c. one of first to see possibilities
of illustrations in books
Young Hare
watercolor, 1501
Dürer ‘s
most famous woodcut,
Rhinoceros, 1515
Dürer was a German painter,
printmaker and mathematician.
Dürer lived in Nuremberg, Germany.
He showed great diversity in his art,
both in subject matter and form.
He painted both religious and
secular subjects.
Represents himself as
an idealized almost
Christ-like figure.
Almost like an icon
Christ-like comparison
Christ=creator
Durer=creator of art
His woodcuts and engravings
were known throughout Europe,
and influenced many other artists.
Sketch of Praying Hands.
4. Hans Holbein
a. influenced by Italian
and Flemish School
b. painted portraits of
famous people
1) Erasmus, T. More,
King Henry VII
Hans Holbein the Younger was a German
artist and printmaker.
He learned painting from his father.
His most famous paintings were done
for the court of Henry VIII of England.
He also did woodcuts and designed
stained glass windows.
His most famous woodcut series is
Dance of Death.
Holbein illustrated Erasmus’ satires.
Portrait
miniature
of Hans
Holbein
the Younger,
by Lucas
Horenbout
Jane Seymour,
third wife of
Henry VIII
Below: The Abbot
Being Taken by
Death from
Holbein’s woodcut
series The Dance of
Death
Far left: Christina of Denmark
by Hans Holbein the Younger
After Jane Seymour’s death,
negotiations were made for
Henry VIII to marry Christina
of Denmark. Holbein painted
this picture during the
negotiations. Christina was
only 16 years old at the
sitting. She wore mourning
clothes. Christina turned down
Henry’s proposal of marriage
stating that she had a desire
to keep her head.
Holbein also did a painting of
Anne Boleyn which was
probably destroyed after she
was beheaded on May 19,
1536.
King Henry VIII had two
wives beheaded and annulled
four marriages.
Comparison between the Renaissance
in Northern Europe and Italy
Northern Europe
Italy
Did not study the classics
as much
Heavy emphasis on
reading the classics
Art emphasized everyday
life in greater detail
Art depicted everyday
life, but not as detailed
Artists supported by
royalty and nobility
Artists supported by
wealthy merchant class
Linked with religionChristian Humanism
Humanism very
important
Used perspective
Used perspective