Transcript Biochemistry - Brookwood High School

Biochemistry
Biochemistry
Essential Question
What is it that makes up an atom?
10.8.2007
Biochemistry
Matter
• Properties
– physical property
• description of shape, mass, volume
• melting point, boiling point
– chemical property
• structure of molecules which make up
substance
• how substance reacts with another
Biochemistry
Matter
• Elements
– element
• a substance that can not be broken
down into a simpler substance
– 25 elements are essential to life
• CHNOPS – 6 greatest
Biochemistry
Matter
• atom
– smallest particle of an element that has
the characteristics of that element
Biochemistry
Atoms
• atom structure
– nucleus
• center, contains neutrons & protons
– neutrons mass (1.009u)
• carries no charge,
neutral = n0
– protons (1.007u)
• carries a positive charge
= p+
Biochemistry
Atoms
• atom structure
– electron (5.486 x 10-4u)
• electrons carry
a negative
charge = e-
Biochemistry
Atoms
• atom structure
– electron
• electrons orbit nucleus in separate
energy levels or clouds
Biochemistry
Atoms
Biochemistry
Atoms
• periodic table
– atomic number
• number of protons
– atomic mass
• total mass of protons, neutrons, &
electrons
– atomic symbol
• 1or 2 letter
symbol
symbol for
element
Biochemistry
Essential Question
How are
covalent and ionic bonds
different?
What is an example of each?
10.9.2007
Biochemistry
chemical bonds
• chemical bond
– two or more atoms chemically bonded
together
ex: oxygen gas, water, glucose
• molecular formula
– uses atomic symbols to represent atoms
bound together in a compound
ex: O2,
H2O,
C6H12O6
Biochemistry
chemical bonds
• covalent bond
– atoms share electrons
ex: water, sugars, proteins
• ionic bond
– attractive force between ions of opposite
charge
Biochemistry
chemical bonds
covalent bond
ionic bond
Biochemistry
Essential Question
What ions are released by
an acid in water? By a base?
10.10.2007
Biochemistry
Mixtures and solutions
• mixture
– combination of substances in which
individuals retain individual properties
ex: mixed sugar and sand,
oil and water
• solution
– mixture of one or more solutes are evenly
distributed in a solvent
ex: salt in water
Biochemistry
Mixtures and solutions
• solution
– solute
• substance which dissolves ex: sugar
– solvent
• holds dissolved substance ex: water
– the greater the solute = greater the
concentration
Biochemistry
Acids and bases
• pH
–
•
measure of how acidic or basic a solution is
acid
–
–
•
forms hydrogen ions (H+) in water
pH below 7
base
–
–
forms hydroxide ions (OH-) in water
pH above 7
Biochemistry
Acids and bases
Biochemistry
Water
• polar molecule
– molecule with uneven distribution of
charge
– water is polar, O atom pulls e-’s from H
atoms
Biochemistry
Water
• hydrogen bond
– weak attraction between hydrogen and
oxygen atoms in different molecules
Biochemistry
Water
• properties of water
– water resists temperature change
– water expands when it freezes
– cohesion
• water molecules attracted to each other
– adhesion
• water molecules attracted to sides of
container
Biochemistry
Water
• properties of water
– water resists temperature change
Biochemistry
Water
• properties of water
– water expands when it freezes
Biochemistry
Water
– cohesion
• Water molecules attracted to each other
Biochemistry
Water
– adhesion
• Water molecules attracted to sides of
container
Biochemistry
More compounds
– isomer
• compounds with same number
elements but different structure
Biochemistry
More compounds
– monomer
• Small molecule that can be bound to
other monomers to form polymers
– polymer
• larger molecule formed from smaller
subunits
Biochemistry
More compounds
– monomer
• Small molecule that can be bound to
other monomers to form polymers
– polymer
• larger molecule formed from smaller
subunits
Biochemistry
More compounds
– polymer
• larger molecule formed from smaller
subunits
Biochemistry
More compounds
– polymer
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– carbohydrates
• used by cells to store and release
energy
• 1:2:1 C:H:O
ex: glucose C6H12O6
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– carbohydrates
• monomer → polymer
monosaccharide glucose, fructose
disaccharide
polysaccharide
sucrose
cellulose, glycogen
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– carbohydrates
• monomer → polymer
monosaccharide glucose, fructose
disaccharide
polysaccharide
monomer
sucrose
cellulose, glycogen
polymer
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– carbohydrates
• monosaccharides
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– carbohydrates
• disaccharides
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– carbohydrates
• polysaccharides
verbascose
Biochemistry
Essential Question
What are the components of a
lipid and of a protein?
10.17.2007
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– lipids
• used for energy storage, insulation,
protection
ex fats, waxes and oils
• nonpolar, does not dissolve in water
• contains CHO
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– lipids
• glycerol head
• 3 fatty acid tails
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– lipids
• glycerol
head
• 3
fatty acid
tails
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– lipids
• large proportion of C–H bonds
– saturated fats
» C atoms in tail all have single
(C–C) bonds
– unsaturated fats
» C at least 1 double bond (C=C)
in tail
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– lipids
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– Proteins
• used for growth, maintenance, and
repair
• used as structure for tissues and
organs
• contain CHON
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– proteins
• polymer of amino acids
– formed using peptide bonds
(covalent bond)
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– proteins
• amino acids (monomer)
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– proteins
• peptide bonds
– bond between
amino acids
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– proteins
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– proteins
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– proteins
• enzyme
– increase rate of metabolic
reactions
– induced fit (lock and key)
mechanism
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– proteins
• enzyme
– induced fit (lock and key)
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– nucleic acids
• stores cellular information
• polymer of nucleotides
• contains CHONP
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– nucleic acids
• DNA
– genetic information for whole cell
• RNA
– copies DNA to form protein
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– nucleic acids
• polymer of nucleotides
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
– nucleic
acids
Biochemistry
Reactions
– chemical equations
• 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
Biochemistry
Reactions
– chemical equations
• 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
products
reactantants
Biochemistry
Reactions
– chemical equations
• 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
• # of atoms on each side of reaction
must be balanced
• coefficients must be balanced
__ C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + H2O
Biochemistry
Reactions
– chemical equations
• dehydration synthesis
(condensation reaction)
– two subunits make polymer
– water is released
2C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + H2O
Biochemistry
Reactions
– chemical equations
• dehydration synthesis
Biochemistry
Reactions
– chemical equations
• hydrolysis
– H2O splits bond
– two subunits created
– C12H22O11 + H2O → 2C6H12O6
Biochemistry
Reactions
– chemical equations
• hydrolysis
Biochemistry
Reactions
– enzymes
• lowers activation energy
• acts as catalysts, speeds up rate of
reaction
• induced fit model (lock and key)
Biochemistry
Reactions
– enzymes
• substrate
– changed after released by enzyme
• enzyme
– active site
» where substrate binds to
enzyme
» can be used over and over
Biochemistry
Reactions
– enzymes
Biochemistry
Reactions
– enzymes