Transcript biokimia tanaman

LECTURE I :
GENERAL
INTRODUCTION
Intestinal Ca2+-binding protein!
INTRODUCTION
Do you want to solve problems of life ?,
at what level ?
• Poverty
• Unemployment
• Environmental Degradation
• Catastrophes (Flood & Drought)
• Diseases (Avian Flu)
• Food Shortage/Starvation
HOW TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS ?
• It is important first to understand living
systems (how the system works)
– the chemical elements which make up plant
body
– the function of each element in the life process
– the interaction between elements in the life
process
• A better understanding of living systems
would help to identify a problem in the life
process, and to initiate a way to solve the
problem
THE BUILDING ELEMENTS OF
LIFE
• Plant organ Level
– Leaves, Stems & Roots
• Organel Level
– Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, Nucleus etc.
• Molecular Level
– Enzymes, Carbohydrates, Energy
Molecules, etc
What is Plant Biochemsitry ?
• Definition.
– Biochemistry is the study of the process of
plant life on a chemical level
– Plant Biochemistry, or the chemistry of living
plants, is the study of molecular basis of plant
life or the study of the way in which chemical
components are synthesized and utilized by
plants in the life process (growth &
development).
ABSTRACT
The core of biochemistry is the conversion of
substrates to be products through biochemical
reactions which catalyzed by enzymes in most
cases. Therefore, the course of plant
biochemistry is started with the discussion of
enzymes which is then followed by carbohydrate
metabolism, energy molecule metabolism,
nitrogen metabolism (amino acids), lipid
metabolism, nucleic acid metabolism, protein
synthesis, and the synthesis of secondary
metabolites.
Objectives and Competency
• Objectives
– The main objectives of this course is to
consolidate the knowledge of students on the
basic molecules of plant life, and to increase their
understanding on the metabolism of the basic
molecules.
• Competency
– Students taking this course would be competent in
describing the life of plants from the standpoint of
biochemistry which competency could be used to
initiate ways to improve the growth of plants or to
solve problems in plant growth.
The Core of Plant Biochemsitry
1. Isolation and Identification
– Biochemistry is firstly concerned
with the isolation and
identification of all different
substances which make up plant
and animal organisms
– A living organism is composed of
more than just fats, carbohydrates and
protein. Hundreds of other
substances are necessary to the
proper functioning of the organisms
2. Chemical Changes
– Secondly, biochemistry is
concerned with all chemical
changes which take place in the
cells to provide for energy,
growth, reproduction, and aging.
– Protoplasm is an aqueous solution
of certain substances with other
colloidally dispersed substances
BASIC PRINCIPLE
Living organisms, whether they are
plants, animals or microbes, are
made up basically of the same
chemical components
Biochemical Reactions
SUBSTRACT(S) + ENZYME
PRODUCT(S)
Breakthroughs in Biochemistry
Two notable breakthroughs in the history of
biochemistry
1. Discovery of the role of enzymes as
catalysts
2. Identification of nucleic acids as
information molecules
Flow of information: from nucleic acids to
proteins
DNA
RNA
Protein
COURSE SUBJECTS
1. ENZYME
2. CARBOHYDRATE
3. METABOLIC
ENERGY
4. NITROGEN
5. BIOLOGICAL
NITROGEN
FIXATION
6.
7.
8.
9.
LIPID
NUCLEIC ACID
PROTEIN
SECONDARY
METABOLITES
REFERENCES
1. Conn, E.E. & Stumpf, P.K., 1976. Outlines of
Biochemistry. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
2. Goodwin, T.W. & Mercer, E.I., Introduction to
Plant Biochemistry. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
3. Stryer, L., 1975.
Biochemistry.
W.H.
Freeman and Company, San Francisco
4. Wood, W.B., Wilson, J.H., Benbow, R.M., &
Hood, L. E., 1981. Biochemistry A Problems
Approach.
5. Wood, J.H, Keehan, C.W., Bull, W.E. and
Bowman, N.S., 1963. Fundamentals of
College Chemistry. A Harper International
edition, Harper & Row, NY, Evanston &
London and John Weatherhill, Inc., Tokyo
Examples of Plant
Biochemistry
What is Cloning?
• Cloning is to make a genetically
identical organism through non-sexual
means.
• Cloning of African violets:
• Take a leaf from a plant
• Immerse the stalk in
water
What is Cloning?
• Roots start to form after a week
• Pot the plant
• A new plant
is produced
How Dolly was cloned?
Sel telur
Sel
induk
Sel telur dengan inti dari induk
yang berkembang menjadi anak
domba yang sama dengan
induknya
ADENIUM OBESUM '
CHERRY'
Grafted Desert Rose
Family : Apocynaceae
Origin : East Africa
Size : 5'
Light Requirements : Full
Sun/Light Shade
Water Requirements :
Keep Dry
Min. Temp. : 35°
Flower : Year Round
3
2
+
O
OH
A
4
B
1
5
6
C
OH
OH
ANTHOCYANIDIN
ANTHOCYANIDIN
Pelargonidin
Cyanidin
Delphinidin
Peonidin
Petunidin
Substituents
4’-OH
3’-OH,4’-OH
3’-OH,4’-OH,5’-OH
3’-OCH3,4’-OH
3’-O CH3,4’-OH,5’O CH3
Color
Orange-red
Purplish red
Bluish purple
Rosy red
Purple
Sex & Genetics
The traits inherited from both parents are determined by
genes in DNA
Genetic Inheritance & DNA
Short segment of a
DNA molecule
• Two polynucleotides
associate to form a
double helix
• Genetic information is
carried by the sequence
of base pairs
Penyakit encok (gout) yang
mengakibatkan radang pada persendian
adalah akibat akumulasi asam urat
• Radang sendi dipicu
oleh presipitasi
kristal urat natrium
(sodium urate
crystals)
• Penyakit Ginjal
dapat juga terjadi
karena deposisi
kristal asam urat
dalam organ
tersebut
Gugur daun
• Perusakan dinding sel
pada lapisan absisi oleh
aktivitas enzim Cellulase
dan Polygalacturonase
• Sintesis kedua enzim
tersebut terhambat jika
kadar hormon tumbuh
auxin cukup tinggi
Auxin
Ethylene
Cellulase/Polygalacturonase
• Transpor auxin dari tempat pembentukan pada
bagian ujung daun ke lapisan absisi dihambat
oleh hormon ethylene
THE NARCOTIC ANALGESICS
• Narcotics block the transmission of the
nerve signal across nerve gaps, [the minor
analgesics blocked prostaglandin
synthesis]
• The more important ones:
– Morphine, codeine,
– oxycodone (PERCODAN),
hydromorphone (DILAUDID),
methadone, + heroin [ = not legal]
– meperidine (DEMEROL), pentazocine
(TALWIN),
• Morphine:
– Opium [est. ~ 10,000 tons] extracted
from the poppy Papaver somniferum,
Afghanistan spring 06 6100 tons alone.
Morphine goes to receptors (opiate receptors) which
control passage of Ca2+ and K + through channels,
which in turn control acetylcholine (nerve
transmitter) flow across synapses.
DEPRESSES RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - usual
overdose effect; some euphoria - plus is addictive
Cyanide Poisoning
• Disrupts metabolism by inhibiting metal
containing enzymes, most notably, cytochrome
oxidase.
• Cytochrome A3 catalyzes O2  H2O
• Blocks ability of mitochondria to use O2
• O2 saturation may be normal
• Poisoning can occur through percutaneous
absorption and inhalation.
• Degree of symptoms depends on severity of
exposure.
Cyanide Poisoning
• Antidote
– Nitrites and Sodium Thiosulfate
Sodium Nitrite
Oxyhemoglobin
Rhodanase
Methemoglobin
Cyano-methemoglobin
Sodium Thiosulfate
Thiocyanate
Kidneys
CYTOCHROME
OXIDASE
CN
What is Biodiesel?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Alternative fuel for diesel engines
Made from vegetable oil or animal fat
Meets health effect testing (CAA)
Lower emissions, High flash point (>300F), Safer
Biodegradable, Essentially non-toxic.
Chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl
esters produced usually from triglyceride esters
FA
Fatty Acid
Alcohol
Glycerin
FA
FA
FA
Biodiesel
Vegetable Oil
Biodiesel Samples
Chemistry of Triglycerides
• Biodiesel is made from the combination of a triglyceride
with a monohydroxy alcohol (i.e. methanol, ethanol…).
• What is a triglyceride? Made from a combination of
glycerol and three fatty acids:
Transesterification
While actually a multi-step process, the overall reaction looks like this:
CH2OOR1
|
CHOOR2 + 3CH3OH
|
CH2OOR3
Triglyceride
catalyst

 3CH3OORx
3 Methanols
Biodiesel
CH2OH
|
+ CHOH
|
CH2OH
Glycerin
R1, R2, and R3 are fatty acid alkyl groups (could be different, or the
same), and depend on the type of oil. The fatty acids involved
determine the final properties of the biodiesel (cetane number, cold
flow properties, etc.)
Individual step of Transesterification
First step, triglyceride turned into diglyceride, methoxide (minus Na)
joins freed FA to make biodiesel, Na joins OH from water (from
methoxide formation) to make NaOH. Other H joins the diglyceride.
H O
| |
HCOR1
|
HCOOR2
|
HCOR3
|
|
H O
H
|
HCO
H
|
+ HCONa
|
H
+H2O
Triglyceride + Methoxide + H2O

H O
|
| |
CHOOR2 + HCOR1 + NaOH
|
|
HCOR3
H
|
|
H O
 Diglyceride + Biodiesel + NaOH
NOTES TO REMEMBER
Functional groups in biochemistry
• Functional groups - specific parts of molecules
involved in biochemical reactions
• Figure 1.2 shows the general formulas of:
(a) Organic compounds
(b) Functional groups
(c) Linkages common in biochemistry
(R represents an alkyl group (CH3CH2)n-)
Fig 1.2 (a) General formulas
Fig 1.2(b) General Formulas
Fig 1.2 (c) General Formulas
Many Important Biomolecules are
Polymers
• Biopolymers - macromolecules created by
joining many smaller organic molecules
(monomers)
• Condensation reactions join monomers
(H2O is removed in the process)
• Residue - each monomer in a chain
(glukose adalah residu dari amylum)