Transcript Organic Compounds

UNIT 3: Biochemistry
BIG IDEA: Organic compounds are
necessary for life to exist
Organic Molecules
• Organic compounds are made up of mostly
Carbon
• Carbon can form 4 bonds
with atoms of other
elements as well as with
itself
– Can form chains, branches and rings
– Enormous variety of molecule shapes
Organic Molecules
• C can also share
pairs of
electrons
• Clusters of
atoms can
change the
nature of
organic
molecules
Organic Molecules
• Many are built by adding monomers
together to build up larger polymers
(macromolecule)
• Dehydration synthesis builds polymers
• Hydrolysis reaction breaks it down
What is dehydration synthesis?
• Dehydration= remove water
• Synthesis= putting it together
• Putting two simple sugars together by
removing water Forms a disaccharide
Hydrolysis
• Opposite of dehydration synthesis
• Separating disaccharide into two
monosaccharide by adding water
• Maltose+ water Glucose +Glucose
Example
• Glucose + Glucose Maltose + Water
Classes of Organic Molecules
Four classes of organic molecules are essential
to living things and their life processes
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Proteins
– Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
• Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms in the ratio
1C: 2H :1O
Functions:
• Major source of energy
• Some are also used for structural
support
• Building block of a carb is a
monosaccharide (simple sugar)
Carbohydrates
• “single sugar,” building blocks
– ex. glucose, fructose, and galactose: these are
isomers
• Isomers: same chemical formula,
different structural formula
Carbohydrates
• Many carbs are disaccharides
( 2 sugars linked by dehydration synthesis)
• ex. sucrose (glucose- fructose), maltose
(glucose- glucose), lactose (glucosegalactose)
• Sucrose is table sugar
• Lactose is milk sugar
Carbohydrates
• Polysaccarides-“3 or more sugars,” long
branching chains of linked simple sugars,
large and insoluble, functions as
–short-term storage of energy
• Starch: plants
• Glycogen: animals
• Cellulose: structural support in plants
(wood)
Why are Carbs Important?
• Because they contain large
amounts of energy that can be
released by hydrolysis
Lipids
Lipids
• Nonpolar molecules, made of mostly
C and H, &some O.
• Functions:
•Long term storage of energy,
Structural molecule in cell
membranes, Waterproof covering on
plants, Chemical messengers –
steroids
• fats, oils, and waxes.
Lipids
• Made up of fatty acids
Glycerol and fatty acids
Lipids- Glycerol Structure
Lipids-Fatty acids
• long straight carbon chains, with
a carboxyl
group at one
end.
Lipids- Saturated Fatty Acid
single
• contains only _____________
bonds
between carbon atoms.
Solid at room temperature, for
• _________
butter
example ____________.
Lipids- Unsaturated Fatty Acid
• contains at least one double
________ bond
Liquid
between carbon atoms. _________
at room temperature, for example
oil
________.
Lipids- Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Fatty Acids contains more
– Polyunsaturated
________________________:
than one double bond between
carbon atoms.
–Hydrogenation is the process of
adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty
acids and results in bad trans-fats.
dehydration reaction links the fatty
A ______________
acids to the glycerol molecule
making fat (triglyceride).
Lipids
• Trigylcerides (fats)– energy storage
– 3 Fatty acids and a gylcerol
• Phospholipids-2
• Waxes
• Steroids
Cholesterol: Good or Bad?
The Good News:
a. Essential compound in making
animal cell membranes, hormones,
and vitamin D.
The Bad News
b. Can build-up in arteries and cause
heart attacks and strokes
PROTEINS
III. Proteins:
amino
acids
___________,
composed of
which are made up of C, H,
N, O,and S atoms
A. Amino acids:
20 different
1. There are ______
amino acids that make up
most proteins.
2. Draw
3. Amino acids are linked
through the dehydration
peptide bonds
reaction by ____________ to form
polypeptides
____________.
4. Amino acids can be polar,
non-polar, charged or
uncharged. This affects the
structure of the protein.
________
B. Polypeptides: very long chains of
amino acids.
The amino acids in the chains
interact with each other, forming
different types of structures:
1. Helixes or coils
Helix
B. Polypeptides: very long chains of
amino acids.
The amino acids in the chains
interact with each other, forming
different types of structures:
1. Helixes or coils
2. Pleated Sheets
Pleated Sheets
B. Polypeptides: very long chains of
amino acids.
The amino acids in the chains
interact with each other, forming
different types of structures:
1. Helixes or coils
2. Pleated Sheets
3. Globular
Globular Protein
C. The structure
___________ of a protein
is greatly influenced by
conditions such as :
1.Temperature
2.pH
D. Functions: There are many different
kinds of proteins each with different
roles.
D. Functions
1.
structural
support
Provide ________________ and
building material
________________.
Example: keratin and collagen
chemical
2. Control the rate of _________
reactions: enzymes
D. Functions
3.Carry and transport
substances in and out ofcells
____.
Example: hemoglobin
4.Fight against disease
_______:
antibodies
IV. Nucleic Acids
composed of a chain of
nucleotides
___________________.
A. Nucleotide (draw it in)
Elements:CHNOP
a. Names of Nitrogenous Bases
1. Adenine (A)
2. Thymine (T)
3. Cytosine (C)
4. Guanine (G)
B. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
is a double stranded molecule.
It stores the hereditary
information used to make
_____________________.
proteins
a. Nitrogenous bases pair up:
• A and T
• G and C
C. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is
a single stranded
molecule, used in making
proteins.
a. Uses the nitrogenous
base, Uracil (U) instead
of Thymine