Transcript The Renaissancex

The Renaissance
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By Naomi Steplight
The Renaissance start in about 1400 and ended in
1600. Renaissance means rebirth. The
Renaissance was called this because it was like a
rebirth of Greek and Roman culture, a rebirth
through things like literature, artwork and music.
The Start of the Renaissance
(c. 1400-1600)
During the time of the Renaissance, the Roman
Catholic Church had a lot of power and was the
practiced religion in most of eastern Europe.
Also, Italy was very powerful because it
controlled most of the trade routes, however this
changed during the Renaissance. Music was
usually sung with no instruments and wasn’t
based off of modern-day scales and rhythms. It
was based off of an early version of the scale
called a mode.
The World at the Time
The Mass is a liturgical composition that was very
commonly performed and composed during the
Renaissance. There are many different types of
masses: The Requiem Mass, the Plainsong Mass,
the Cantus Firmus Mass (most popular mass of
the Renaissance), the Paraphrase Mass and the
Parody Mass.
Masses or The Mass
The parts of the mass are arranged in the
following sequence: Introit, Kyrie, Gloria, Collect,
Epistle, Gradual, Alleluia, Gospel, Credo,
Offertory, Secret, Preface, Sanctus, Canon, Agnus
Dei, Communion, Post-Communion and the Ite
missa est or Benidicamus Domino.
The mass is split up into two parts…
Mass’ Sequence
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The Ordinary of the Mass
(Ordinarium Missae)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Kyrie
Gloria
Credo
Sanctus
Canon
Agnus Dei
Ite missa est
(Benidictamus
Domino)
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The Proper of the Mass
(Proprium Missae)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Introit
Collect
Epistle
Gradual
Alleluia
Gospel
Offertory
Secret
Preface
Communion
Post-Communion
The Parts of the Mass
Philippe de Vitry was one of the main leaders of
the Ars Nova movement which helped start the
Renaissance. He composed music that made fun
of the pope and the church. He was believed to
create the idea of isometry. Although this isn’t a
fact, he used isometry in his works.
Philippe de Vitry
(October 31, 1291-June 9,
1361)
Although not necessarily born during the
Renaissance, Guillaume de Machaut was also a
leader during the Ars Nova movement and he
continued Philippe de Vitry’s work. He was a
French poet who wrote virelais, rondeaux,
ballades and motets.
Guillaume de Machaut
(c.1300-1377)
The Ars Nova, or New Art movement was a
movement led by Philippe de Vitry in 1320. This
movement is part of what triggered the
Renaissance. This movement is a change from
Ars Antique or Old Art. In this movement, the
music was more complex, but condemned by the
Roman Catholic Church and the pope because it
sounded secular.
Pre-Renaissance: Ars Nova
Movement (1320)
La Messe de Notre Dame or Mass of Our Lady
was a mass created by Guillaume de Machaut. It
was composed in 1364. This mass is his most
famous work, and one of the most famous works
of the time.
La Messe de Notre Dame
(1364)
The Age of Exploration started in 1400 and was
led by Prince Henry the Navigator. He was the
brother of the King of Portugal and in the 1400s,
Henry set up a center for exploration in Sagres,
Portugal. There, the sailors learned math and
geography from mathematicians and geographers
and how to use many different tools essential in
sailing like the astrolabe.
The Age of Exploration
(1400)
Also, during the early Renaissance Period,
Guillaume Dufay is born. He was born in the
Burgundy region in France. Although he was
born in France, he loved travelling Italy and
admiring the Renaissance. He composed for
popes, kings and dukes. Early in his days of
composing, he wrote traditional polyphonic
chants for liturgical purposes, but later he wrote
chants about love, wine and nature.
Guillaume Dufay (c.14001474)
Another composer born around this time was
Gilles Binchois was a French composer who
wrote more than fifty chansons. They were for a
solo voice and two instruments. His pieces were
advanced for his time in the way they were
structured. They were structured for the singer to
sing the melody, the lowest instrument playing a
low, droning note and the middle instrument
playing a three-note chord.
Gilles Binchois (c. 1400-1460)
Jean Ockeghem was yet another composer born
during this early Renaissance period. He was
known as the “Prince of Music” because he
mastered forms like the mass, the motet and the
chanson. He expanded on the reign of the
Netherlands School, which was inspired by the
works of Gilles Binchois. He also wrote very
complicated compositions only skilled musicians
could play.
Jean Ockghem (c. 1410February 6, 1497)
Josquin des Prez was French, but he worked for
people from Milan and Rome to give his music a
“lighthearted” feel that later became a
characteristic of all Renaissance music. He wrote
complicated music that was for kings, queens and
popes. He also wrote a lamenting piece for the
death of Jean Ockghem.
Josquin des Prez (1440-1521)
Heinrich Isaac lived in Germany in 1497 where he
was court composer to Maximillian I. He worked
for Maximillian I from 1497 until his death in
1517. His works include about fifty mass
ordinaries, almost one-hundred mass propers,
over fifty motets and nearly one hundred songs.
Heinrich (Henricus) Isaac
(Ysaac, Isaak) (c.1445-1517)
During this time period, secular music became
popular, and composers from France, Italy and
England composed more and more. In the year
1450, a man named Johannes Gutenburg created a
printing press that would print books from
moveable type, mostly for liturgical purposes.
Also in 1450, the Netherlands School was created
and it began to develop and become popular.
The Mid-1400s
In Italy in the mid-1400s (approximately 1450),
the Italians unearth the writing of Greek and
Roman scholars and their idea of Uomo
Universale, or Universal Man. This started the
revolution of humanism.
Humanism (Mid-1400s)
The Netherlands School, started in 1450, was a
collection of Dutch composers and musicians that
were from the Netherlands, Belgium, and
northeastern parts of France. They rose from 1450
to 1550, which was also the time of the High
Renaissance: a peak in the Renaissance period.
The Netherlands School
(1450-1550)
In 1454, Duke Philip the Good had his court
musicians play at the Feast of the Pheasant in
1454. They performed in a pie dish, which is said
to have inspired the nursery rhyme Sing a Song of
Sixpence.
The Feast of the Pheasant
(1454)
Clement Janequin was a French composer. He, at
a time, lived under François Duke of Guise. He
also wrote a lot of pieces that were about and/or
featured famous French hierarchy e.g. François
Duke of Guise.
Clement Janequin (c.14851558)
In 1492, Columbus sets sail to go to the New
World to claim land for Spain. He with about
ninety men in his three ships: The Nina (the
smallest), the Pinta, and the Santa Maria (the
largest).
Christopher Columbus sailed
the ocean blue…(1492)
This was a mass composed by Josquin des Prez in
1502. This mass was based off of the song
L’Homme Arme or the Armed Man, which was a
popular song in the fifteenth and sixteenth
century. The Agnus Dei from this mass is the
most popular and it used polyphony.
Misse Sexti Toni or Mass in
the Sixth Mode (1502)
There were also other advancements in other
areas like art through things like the painting of
the Mona Lisa. Leonardo da Vinci painted this
picture of a woman somewhere from 1503 to 1506
thus the famous mystery of the smile of the Mona
Lisa is born.
Mona Lisa (1503-1506)
Meanwhile, in the field of music, the Burgandian
School was being created in 1506. It was a
gathering of thirty-three court musicians. They
were musicians, composers and singers. They
were gathered by Duke Philip the Good, who
passed it on to his son Charles the Bold.
The Burgandian School
(1506)
Another example of an artistic advancement is
the painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
Michelangelo is given the task of painting the
Sistine Chapel’s ceiling in 1508 and he completes
it in 1512. He did this by standing on a ladder
and holding his brush high enough to reach the
ceiling to paint, which is part of the reason why it
took him five years to finish.
The Sistine Chapel (1512)
Cipriano de Rore was composer who wrote
madrigals. Other composers imitated him and
put the works of Dante and Virgil to music. De
Rore’s compositions include three masses, sixtyfive motets, one passion, eight psalms, eight
magnificats one-hundred twenty-five madrigals
and a few chansons.
Cipriano de Rore (1516-1565)
The Protestant Reformation was a breakaway
from the Roman Catholic Church. It was led by a
monk named Martin Luther. He and his
followers started new church sects e.g. Lutheran,
Calvinist, Angelican, etc.
Protestant Reformation
(1517)
Giovanni Pierluigi was an Italian composer who
wrote masses for unaccompanied voices. He was
also known as the “Prince of Music” in his day.
He composed more that two-hundred fifty
motets.
Giovanni Pierluigi (de
Palestrina) (c.1525, PalestrinaFebruary 2, 1594, Rome)
Other European countries like Sweden and
Denmark also begin to split off from the Roman
Catholic Church. This begins the ending of the
reign of power that the Roman Catholic Church
once had.
Countries Reform (1530)
The madrigal wasn’t officially used until about
1530 in Italy. They were based off of fourteenth
century poems by an Italian composer named
Petrarch who wrote songs called frottole. They
are stilted, repetitious, and are supposed to be
sung to music. Many thought the frottole didn’t
do Petrarch justice so they used the madrigal
instead.
The Madrigal (c. 1530)
Orlande de Lasso was a very active composer. He
wrote more than two-thousand compositions
which appeared between 1555 and 1604. Some
examples of these compositions are in his
collection of motets in 1556. More examples are
his anthology of chansons of 1570.
Orlando de Lasso (Lassus)
(1530/32-1594, Munich)
King Henry VIII was upset with the Roman
Catholic Church because his current wife,
Catherine of Aragon, daughter of King Ferdinand
of Spain couldn’t produce any male children.
Henry couldn’t divorce his wife because the
Roman Catholic Church forbade it, so in 1533,
King Henry VIII starts the Church of England.
The Church of England
(1533)
A book of madrigals composed by Cipriano de
Rore is created in 1542. The madrigals were for
five voices to sing. This book of madrigals was
the book that caused composers imitating Rore to
look to the works of Dante and Virgil for
inspiration.
Book of Madrigals (1542)
William Byrd was a leading English composer
and madrigal writer. He composed three masses
in Latin. They were for three, four and five voices
and they were composed during 1593 and 1595.
William Byrd (1543-1623)
The Counter-Reformation was a counter to the
Protestant Reformation. It happened somewhere
from 1545 to 1563. It’s aim was to stop people
from reforming and to get those people to go back
to the Roman Catholic Church. It was promoted
by the Council of Trent which also reigned from
1545-1563.
The Counter-Reformation
(1545-1563)
Henry VIII’s son, Edward, takes over the throne
after he dies in 1547. However, Edward doesn’t
live for that long afterwards either. Then, later,
the throne is passed to Mary I and eventually to
the protestant Elizabeth I.
The Death of Henry VIII
(1547)
Greensleeves was thought to be composed by
Henry VIII in September 1580 after the divorce of
his second wife, Anne Boleyn. It was a popular
song in its day and it still is very popular today.
It is popular because it is the base for the common
Christmas carol “What Child is This?”.
Greensleeves (1580)
Other than music and art, there were advances
during the Renaissance e.g. science. For example,
Galileo Galilei discovers the pendulum in 1581. It
was then used in clocks and bells. It improved
the clock’s accuracy greatly from ten to fifteen
minutes off to a few seconds off.
The Pendulum (1581)
Orlando de Lasso’s greatest works, his collection
of penitential psalms called Psalmi Davidis
Poenitentiales is published in 1584. It is later
discovered and edited by S.W. Dehn, which
sparked the interest in Lasso’s works once more.
Pslami Davidis Poenitentiales
(1584)
In England in 1588, the ballett became popular.
This happened at the same time Italian madrigals
with English words were being translated.
Balletts (1588)
Elizabeth I takes the throne in England in 1588, so
Spain’s King Phillip II sends the Spanish Armada,
a group of Spanish ships, to kill Elizabeth I
because she was a Protestant and Spain was
Roman Catholic. The armada is sent in the same
year Elizabeth I takes the throne, but it fails.
The Spanish Armada (1588)
Another example of an advancement in science is
the invention of the microscope. Dutch lens
grinders Hans and Zacharias Janssen create the
first microscope. They create it in 1590. They did
this by putting two different sized lens or pieces
of glass into two ends of a tube.
The First Microscope (1590)
This was part of Thomas Watson’s book First Sett
of Italian Madrigals Englished which was published
in 1590. It was written by William Byrd. Thomas
Watson was William Byrd’s friend, so he asked
Byrd to contribute this to the book.
This Sweet and Merry Month
of May (1590)
This was an Elizabethan ballett published in 1594.
It is different from This Sweet and Merry Month
of May, although they both are composed by
William Byrd. This ballett had a happy, joyful
tune.
May (1594)
A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke
was a music textbook written by Thomas Morely,
an apprentice of William Byrd. It was written in
1597. It provided knowledge of the basis of
theories of the Renaissance period.
A Plaine and Easie Introduction
to Practicall Musicke (1597)
The end of the Renaissance period and the start of
the Baroque was in 1600.
The End of the Renaissance
(1600)
The End