Transcript Chp 12
Chapter 12 The Renaissance in Italy and Northern Europe, 1350–1550 Learning Objectives: Questions to Consider • How did perceptions of painters, sculptors, and architects change over the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries? • What is the purpose of applying linear perspective to painting? • What were the differences in the ways painters in Italian cities and those in Flanders achieved depth and dimension in their work? • How did the scholarly interests of humanists in Italy differ from humanists in northern Europe? A New Climate of Cultural Expression • The Spirit of Humanism and a Passion for Antiquity Create a Renaissance – Petrarch (1304-1374) • Interests in Poetry (Latin and Vernacular) and Manuscripts (a Bibliophile) • The Emulation of Classical Authors – Byzantine Refugees and the Greek Tradition • Emmanuel Chrysoloras (1355-1415) – Patronage by Merchants and Autocrats • Lorenzo de’ Medici (r. 1469-1492) • Civic Humanism and Republicanism A New Climate of Cultural Expression • From Artisan to Artist – Giotto di Bondone (1267-1334) – Skilled Artisans and Functional Art • Businessmen and Their Workshops – Gentile Bellini (ca. 1429-1507) • Changing Values – Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574) on Artists’ Lives A New Climate of Cultural Expression • Perspectives and Techniques – The Career of Filippo Brunelleschi (13771446) • Painter, Metalworker, Engineer, and Architect • Experiments with Linear Perspective – The Vanishing Point and Depth – The Work of Masaccio (1401-1428) • Creating the Dome for Florence’s Cathedral – Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) • A Genius with Expertise in Many Fields • The Artistic Celebration of the Human Body A New Climate of Cultural Expression • The Pleasure of Things – Economic Revival and Acquisitive Spirit • Domestic Spaces – A Society of Consumers • Clothing – Sumptuary Laws and Social Distinction The Northern European Renaissance • Northern European Art – Manuscripts and the Representation of the World • Book of Hours • Psalters – Jan van Eyck (ca. 1390-1441) – Italian vs. Flemish Techniques • Tempera/Oil • Perspective/Color • Architectural Framing/Inclusion of the Viewer – Symbols The Northern European Renaissance • Northern Humanists – New Scholarship • New Methods for Textual Analysis • Interests in Churches and Doctrine – Patristics – Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536) • Updated Translation of the New Testament – Jewish Scholarship • Kabbalah The Northern European Renaissance • Printing, a New Medium – Printing Technology • Johannes Gutenberg (d. 1468) and the Printing Press – The Need for Paper • Increasing Availability – Books and Pamphlets • Aldus Manutius (1449-1515) and Greek Texts The Cities of Renaissance Italy • The Medici Florence – Cosimo de’ Medici (1389-1464) • From Papal Banker to Florentine Power Player – Lorenzo the Magnificent – Girolamo Savonarola (1452-1498) • Attempted Reform, Turmoil, and Execution • Maritime Republics: Venice and Genoa – Government by Council and Doge – The War of Chioggia, 1380 – Venice Victorious: the Most Serene Republic The Cities of Renaissance Italy • Autocrats and Humanists – Urban Violence: Vendetta and Condottieri – The Courtier of Baldassare Castiglione, 1528 – Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) and The Prince • The Strategies of Practical Statecraft – Milan • The Rule of the Visconti • Francesco Sforza (r. 1447-1466): From Condottiere to Duke The Cities of Renaissance Italy • The Papal States and the Church – Proving the Donation of Constantine a Fraud • Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457) – The Expense of Maintaining the Papal States – The Borgias • Pope Alexander VI (r. 1492-1503) and Son Cesare Borgia – The Power of Pope Julius II (r. 1503-1513) Renaissance Ideals in Transition, 1400–1550 • The Court of Francis I of France (r. 1515-1547) – Attempted Conquest of Italy Helps Create a Renaissance Prince in the North • Fontainebleau and Christian Humanism • England Before Its Renaissance – Arthurian Legends • Thomas Mallory and William Caxton – Dynastic Instability: the Wars of the Roses • From Richard III (r. 1483-1485) to Henry Tudor – The Battle of Bosworth Field, 1485 Renaissance Ideals in Transition, 1400–1550 • The Holy Roman Empire and Eastern Europe – Prince Electors • The Golden Bull of Charles VI (r. 1347-1378) – A Seven-Elector Plan for Imperial Stability – The Hanseatic League • A Combination of Commercial and Political Power • Decline: Lack of Centralization and Rivals – Poland and Lithuania’s Defeat of the Teutonic Knights – Moscow and the Russian Principalities • Unification Under Basil I (r. 1389-1425)