Transcript FEEDING METHODS

MINERAL
Bahan Baku Pakan Ikan:
Pemerintah telah menetapkan Standar
Nasional Indonesia (SNI).
Formulasi pakan berdasarkan kandungan
analisa proximat, Ca, P , ME, Asam amino
essential dan juga Digestible asam amino
Sumber bahan baku harus bebas B3 serta
kandungan antibiotik, melamin, dan
kandungan bahan lainnya yang beracun
dan berbahaya
BAHAN BAKU PAKAN
• Sumber Protein
• Sumber Lemak
• Sumber Karbohidrat
• Vitamin dan mineral mix
• Binder
• Filler
• Bahan additif lainnya
Bahan
Makanan
Energi Metabolisme
(kkal/kg)
Protein Kasar
(%)
Serat
Kasar
(%)
Lemak Kasar
(%)
Air
(%)
Ca
(%)
P
(%)
Sumber Energi
Jagung Kuning
3.420
9,0
3,8
2,5
12,6
0,02
0,26
Sorghum
3.320
10,7
2,8
2,3
11,3
0,03
0,31
Menir
3.390
8,9
4,0
1,0
9,9
0,03
0,40
Padi
2.670
7,5
1,7
10,0
9,8
0,04
0,26
Sagu
3.510
0,7
0,2
0,9
9,7
0,01
0,01
Gaplek
3.300
1,5
0,7
0,9
8,8
0,08
0,06
Dedak padi
1.950
10,2
7,9
8,2
10,1
0,07
1,13
Dedak gandum
1.250
11,8
3,0
11,0
10,0
0,10
1,15
Dedak jagung
1.820
10,9
6,1
8,0
10,4
0,04
0,79
Molase
1.950
3,0
0,0
0,0
21,7
0,80
0,08
Bungkil kelapa
1.760
20,5
6,7
12,0
11,0
0,20
0,62
Bungkil kedelai
2.200
41,7
3,5
6,5
10,1
0,20
0,60
Bungkil Kc. tanah
2.370
40,2
6,0
7,6
9,7
0,16
0,54
Kedelai
2.420
37,0
17,9
5,7
11,5
0,23
0,58
Kacang hijau
2.600
24,2
1,1
5,5
10,4
0,20
1,70
Tpg daun turi
1.550
31,7
1,9
22,4
8,1
1,60
0,32
Tepung daun lamtoro
1.600
23,2
2,4
20,1
7,9
1,49
0,39
Tepung ikan
2.420
53,9
4,2
1,0
10,7
5,37
2,90
Tepung darah
2.240
80,1
1,6
1,0
9,1
0,28
0,20
Sumber Protein nabati
Sumber Protein hewani
FORMULA UMUM PAKAN IKAN
NUTRIEN
BAHAN
JUMLAH
Sumber Protein
t. ikan, b.kedelai
Sumber KH
t. terigu, jagung
Sumber Lemak
m.ikan, m sawit
Vit. & Mineral
Vit. Mix, Min.mix
Binder
CMC
Bahan Aditif
Atraktan, BHT,BHA
20-40%
10-40%
5-10%
3-7%
2-3%
1-5%
SUBSTITUSI
Silase, keong, dll
Dedak,pollard, dll
Minyak kelapa, dlll
Tetamin, dll
Terigu, sagu, dll
Minyak cumi, dll
Kebutuhan & Keseimbangan Nut.
KRITERIA PAKAN :
Efisien : Harga per kg ikan
Limbah : Feses, N dan P
FISH /SHRIMP FEED COMPOSITION
(%) Inclusion Rate
Corn
5 - 10
Soybean Meal (SBM)
20 - 30
Corn Gluten Meal (CGM)
Fish Meal (FM)
Meat & Bone Meal (MBM)
5
15 - 20
5 - 8 (fish feed)
Poultry Meal
< 10 (fish) / < 5 (shrimp)
DDGS
< 5 (fish) / < 2 (shrimp)
Feather Meal
1 - 2 (fish)
Soy Lecithin
1 - 2 (shrimp)
Fish Oil
2
Crude Palm Oil (CPO)
5
Rice Bran
Premix
15 - 20
1-2
EVALUASI IMPOR BAHAN BAKU PAKAN
IKAN & UDANG TAHUN 2007
BERDASARKAN SKT
Source: Direktur Produksi DJPB DKP
No.
Jenis Bahan
Jumlah (Ton)
%
Nilai (USD)
%
1.
Wheat Flour/Gluten
74.864,482
40,40
21.337.853,10
31,26
2.
Soyabean Meal/Lecithin
35.182,945
18,99
12.140.661,96
13,44
3.
Fishmeal/Crustaceanmeal
28.763,065
15,52
28.229.801,22
31,26
4.
Squidmeal
20.186,410
10,89
14.152.291,90
15,67
5.
Filler
7.086,625
3,82
2.010.945,18
2,23
6.
Vitamin/mineral
5.208,870
2,81
4.117.360,81
4,56
7.
Oil
1.444,247
0,78
1.162.776,72
1,29
8.
Shrimp/Fish Feed
2.571,475
1,39
1.777.915,40
1,97
9.
Lain-lain
10.004,804
5,40
5.388.529,83
5,97
Impor Bahan Baku Pakan
Januari – September 2008
Sources: Direktur Produksi DJPB DKP
No.
Jenis Bahan
Jumlah
(MT)
%
Nilai (US $)
%
1
Wheat Gluten/Flour
55.594,750
35,79
28.579.674,20
26,68
2
Soybean/Lecithin
28.405,448
18,29
15.127.041,35
14,12
3
Fishmeal/Crustaceanmeal
34.851,483
22,44
35.599.142,87
33,24
4
Squidmeal
16.516,101
10,63
13.472.094,50
12,58
5
Vitamin/mineral
5.100,284
3,28
4.951.550,67
4,62
6
Yeast
5.535,694
3,56
3.285.912,48
3,07
7
Fish/Squid Oil
1.540,620
0,99
2.129.900,74
1,99
8
Filler
2.676,650
1,72
1.247.464,99
1,16
9
Shrimp Feed/Fish Feed
645,920
0,42
422.263,81
0,39
10
Lain-lain
4.451,556
2,87
2.285.766,00
2,13
Total
155.318,506
100,00
107.100.811,61
100,00
Mineral elements have a great diversity of uses within the
animal body. The following mineral elements are recognized
as essential for body functions in fish:
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Calcium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Molybdenum
Chlorine
Magnesium
Iron
selenium
Iodine
Manganese
Copper
Cobalt
Zinc
To these may be added fluorine and chromium which have also been
shown to be essential for land animals
The prominence of each mineral element in
body tissues is closely related to its
functional role :
• As constituents of bones and teeth, minerals provide
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strength and rigidity to skeletal structures
In their ionic states in body fluids they are
indispensable for the maintenance of acid-base
equilibrium and osmotic relationship with the aquatic
environment, and for integration activities involving
the nervous and endocrine systems
As components of blood pigments, enzymes and
organic compounds in tissues and organs they are
indispensable for essential metabolic processes
involving gas exchange and energy transactions.
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS
• Calcium and phosphorus are usually discussed together because they occur in
the body combined with each other for the most part and because an
inadequate supply of either limits the nutritive value of both.
• Almost the entire store of calcium (99 percent) and most of the phosphorus (80
percent) in the fish's body are present in bones, teeth and scales. There appears
to be little variation in the composition of bone ash even though bone ash will
decrease as a result of dietary deficiency in either calcium or phosphorus. This
composition consists of calcium and phosphorus in the ratio of approximately
2:1.
• The one percent extra-skeletal calcium is widely distributed throughout the
organs and tissues. Calcium in body fluids exists in two distinguishable forms,
diffusable and non-diffusible. Non-diffusible calcium is bound to protein
whereas the diffusible fraction is present largely as phosphate and bicarbonate
compounds. It is this diffusible fraction that is of significance in calcium and
phosphorus nutrition. Ionized calcium in the extracellular fluids and in the
circulatory system participate importantly in muscle activity and
osmoregulation.
• Large amounts of extra-skeletal phosphorus are present mostly in
combinations with proteins, lipids, sugars, nucleic acids and other
organic compounds. These phosphocompounds are vital exchange
currencies in life processes and are distributed throughout the organs
and tissues of the fish. The skin, like the skeleton, also appears to be
an important repository for dietary phosphorus in some species
• Although their natural diets are rich in calcium, most fish are also
capable of extracting dissolved calcium directly from their aquatic
environment through the gills. After a 24-hour acclimatization period,
channel catfish have been shown to efficiently extract calcium from
rearing water containing 5 ppm of the mineral element. On the other
hand, gill extraction of phosphorus is negligible and fish rely mainly
upon dietary sources for this mineral element. Phosphorus present in
plant phytate is poorly absorbed by fish.
• Absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus begins in the upper
gastro-intestinal tract. Absorbed calcium is rapidly deposited as
calcium salts in the skeleton but absorbed phosphorus is distributed
to all the major tissues: viscera, skeleton, skin and muscle.
Phosphorus absorption is enhanced by increasing water temperature
and by the presence of glucose in the diet. Its recovery from tissues
also increases with increasing dietary levels of the element. On the
other hand, increasing dietary calcium is not accompanied by
correspondingly higher retention of the mineral element in the tissues.
Feed ingredients vary widely in their calcium
and phosphorus content:
• Fish meal, a principal ingredient in fish feeds, is rich in
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both calcium and phosphorus
On the other hand, feed ingredients of plant origin
usually lack calcium and, despite a fairly high content
of phosphorus the latter is predominantly in the form
of phytin or phytic acid which is not readily available
for absorption by fish
Animal sources of calcium and phosphorus are
generally better absorbed, although the stomachless
carp cannot utilize bone phosphate present in fish
meal as well as fish with functional stomachs
• Dicalcium phosphate has the highest availability
(80 percent)
• Phosphorus availability of common feedstuffs
varies from 33 percent for grains to 50 percent
for fish meal and animal by-products. Soybean
meal has an intermediate phosphorus
availability of 40 percent.
MAGNESIUM
• The bulk of magnesium in fish (60 percent in
the carp) is stored in the skeleton
• Magnesium constitutes a little over 0.6 percent
of the ash content of bones compared with 30
percent calcium and 15 percent phosphorus
• The remaining 40 percent of the body's
magnesium is distributed throughout the
organs and muscle tissues (where it plays vital
roles as enzyme co-factors, and as an
important structural component of cell
membranes) and in extracellular fluids.
• Fish are capable of extracting magnesium from
the environment, although studies with the
common carp showed that, in this species, gill
extraction of this element is very limited.
• In the common carp, as well as in the rainbow
trout, dietary magnesium levels do not affect
calcium and phosphorus composition in the
whole body or skeleton despite sharp
reductions of up to 50 percent of tissue
magnesium when this mineral element was
lacking in the diet (80 ppm) and retarded growth
and behavioral abnormalities observed.
• Although natural waters are a good source of
dissolved magnesium, fish do not extract this
mineral element in sufficient quantities to meet
dietary needs. Natural foods, as well as most
artificial feed ingredients of both animal and
vegetable origin, are adequate sources and
deficiency under ordinary rearing conditions
has not been observed to date
OTHER ESSENTIAL INORGANIC ELEMENTS
• Dietary requirements of fish for most of the trace mineral
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elements have not been established
Iron deficiency in the red sea bream results in a form of
microcytic, hypochromic anaemia similar to iron deficiency
anaemia in land animals. Common carp fed a semi-purified
diet without supplementary iron grew normally but
exhibited sub-clinical symptoms of hypochromic
microcytic anaemia
Iodine deficiency produces a goitrous condition in trout
Rainbow trout fed a semi-purified diet deficient in zinc (1
ppm) had increased mortality rate, cataracts in the eyes
and erosion of the fins and of the skin. Protein digestibility
was also reduced
Manganese has also been shown to be essential for growth
and survival of Tilapia mossambica and the rainbow trout.
• The roles of trace elements in fish, although
not clearly defined, are probably similar to
those described for land animals
• Fish in their natural habitats are probably
adequately provided for to meet the
requirements for all the mineral elements.
However, the intensive culture of certain fish
species in man-made ponds and raceways,
together with reliance on artificial feeding,
make it necessary to incorporate adequate
quantities of mineral nutrients in the feed. For
the most part, where exact requirements are
not known, levels are arbitrarily based on land
animal requirements
Mineral
element
Principal metabolic activities
Requirement
symptoms
Calcium
Bone and cartilage formation; blood
clotting; muscle contraction
not defined
5g
Phosphorus
Bone formation; high energy phosphate
esters; other organo-phosphorus
compounds
Lordosis, poor
growth
7g
Magnesium
Enzyme co-factor extensively involved in
the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates
and proteins
Loss of appetite,
poor growth,
tetany
500 mg
Sodium
Primary monovalent cation of inter cellular
fluid; involved in acid-base balance
and osmoregulation
not defined
1-3g
Potassium
Primary monovalent cation of intra-cellular
fluid; involved in nerve action and
osmoregulation
not defined
1-3g
Sulphur
Integral part of sulphur amino acids and
collagen; involved in detoxification of
aromatic compounds
not defined
3-5g
Chlorine
Primary monovalent anion in cellular
fluids; component of digestive juice
(HCl); acid-base balance
not defined
1-5g
Iron
Essential constituent of haeme in
haemoglobin, cytochromes,
Microcytic,
homochronic
Req./ kg
dry diet
50-00 mg
Mineral
element
Copper
Principal metabolic activities
Requirement
symptoms
Requireme
nt / kg
dry diet
Component of haeme in haemocyanin (of
cephalopods); co-factor in tyrosinase
and ascorbic acid oxidase
not defined
1-4g
Manganese
Co-factor for arginase and certain other
metabolic enzymes; involved in bone
formation and erythrocyte regeneration
not defined
20-50 mg
Cobalt
Metal component of cyanocobalamin (B12).
Prevents anaemia; involved in C1 and C3
metabolism
not defined
5-10 mg
Zinc
Essential for insulin structure and function;
co-factor of carbonic anhydrase
not defined
30-100 mg
Iodine
Constituent of thyroxine; regulates oxygen
use
Thyroid
hyperplasia
(goiter)
100-300 mg
Molybdenum
Co-factor of xanthine, oxidase,
hydrogenases and reductases
not defined
(trace)
Chromium
Involved in collagen formation and
regulation of the rate of glucose
metabolism
not defined
(trace)
Fluorine
Component of bone appatite
not defined
(trace)