Transcript Bioener Notes - MacsScienceSpace

CHANGES
OF
MATTER
PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL
CHANGES
STATE/FORM
NEW SUBSTANCE
IS FORMED
H
H
H20
O
=
Chemical Formula
for
Water
=
Structural Formula
for
Water
CHEMICAL REACTION
=
CHEMICAL CHANGE
CH O
O + 2H
2H O
6CO + 6H O
C H O + 6O
6
REACTANTS
12
heat
6
2
2
2
2
2
2
6
12
light
2
6
6
C + 6H O
2H O
O2 + 2H2
C H O + 6O
6CO + 6H O
6
enzymes
12
2
6
2
2
PRODUCTS
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZTION IN LIVING THINGS
ATOM
O2=
ELEMENT
MOLECULE
ORGANELLE
CELL
=NITROGEN, OXYGEN, ETC…
COMPOUND
=H2O
=NUCLEUS, CELL MEMBRANE
= BONE CELL, MUSCLE CELL
BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
=
FIRST THING THAT IS LIVING
TISSUE
=NERVE TISSUE, MUSCLE
TISSUE
ORGAN
=BRAIN, BICEP
ORGAN
SYSTEM
BACTERIA=
ORGANISM
=NERVOUS + MUSCLUAR
SYSTEM
=OAK TREE, HUMAN, WORM
LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
PROTONS
+
NEUTRONS
+
ELECTRONS
ATOMS
ELEMENT
MADE UP OF
THE SAME
KIND OF
ATOMS
O2
H2
N2
MOLECULE
=
MORE THAN 1 ATOM
ORGANELLE
CELL
COMPOUNDS
MADE UP OF
DIFFERENT
KIND OF
ATOMS
CO2
H2O
NaCl
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ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
=
PARTS OF AN ATOM
NEUTRON
PROTON
~POSITIVE
CHARGE
ELECTRON
~NEUTRAL CHARGE
~NEGATIVE CHARGE
~IN NUCLEUS
~OUTSIDE OF
NUCLEUS
~IN NUCLEUS
# OF
PROTONS IS
THE ATOMIC
#
TOTAL # OF
PROTONS +
NEUTRONS
=
MASS #
NORMALLY
=
# OF PROTONS
ISOTOPES
=
# OF NEUTRONS IN THE
NUCLEUS MAY VARY
12
6
c
14
6
c
DETERMINES THE PROPERTIES OF AN ATOM/ELEMENT
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ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
=
PARTS OF AN ATOM
NEUTRON
PROTON
~POSTIVIE
CHARGE
ELECTRON
~NEUTRAL CHARGE
~NEGATIVE CHARGE
~IN NUCLEUS
~OUTSIDE OF
NUCLEUS
~IN NUCLEUS
# OF
PROTONS IS
THE ATOMIC
#
TOTAL # OF
PROTONS +
NEUTRONS
=
MASS #
NORMALLY
=
# OF PROTONS
ISOTOPES
=
# OF NEUTRONS IN THE
NUCLEUS MAY VARY
12
6
c
14
6
c
DETERMINES THE PROPERTIES OF AN ATOM/ELEMENT
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ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
=
PARTS OF AN ATOM
NEUTRON
PROTON
~POSTIVIE
CHARGE
ELECTRON
~NEUTRAL CHARGE
~NEGATIVE CHARGE
~IN NUCLEUS
~OUTSIDE OF
NUCLEUS
~IN NUCLEUS
# OF
PROTONS IS
THE ATOMIC
#
TOTAL # OF
PROTONS +
NEUTRONS
=
MASS #
NORMALLY
=
# OF PROTONS
ISOTOPES
=
# OF NEUTRONS IN THE
NUCLEUS MAY VARY
12
6
c
14
6
c
DETERMINES THE PROPERTIES OF AN ATOM/ELEMENT
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ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
=
PARTS OF AN ATOM
NEUTRON
PROTON
~POSTIVIE
CHARGE
ELECTRON
~NEUTRAL CHARGE
~NEGATIVE CHARGE
~IN NUCLEUS
~OUTSIDE OF
NUCLEUS
~IN NUCLEUS
# OF
PROTONS IS
THE ATOMIC
#
TOTAL # OF
PROTONS +
NEUTRONS
=
MASS #
NORMALLY
=
# OF PROTONS
ISOTOPES
=
# OF NEUTRONS IN THE
NUCLEUS MAY VARY
12
6
c
14
6
c
DETERMINES THE PROPERTIES OF AN ATOM/ELEMENT
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The PET (Positron Emissions Tomogr
a phy ) is a further - developed
nuclear medic ine imaging procedure that shows the d istribution of
a radioactive substa
n ce (known as tra cers ) in an image. This relates
to the amino acid tyrosine marked wi
t h 18F (fluor ine ).
This tracer accumu
lates in a ll qu ickly dividing cel ls . This means that
the existence and extent of the actual tumour can be established
accurately.
LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
PROTONS
+
NEUTRONS
+
ELECTRONS
ATOMS
ELEMENT
MADE UP OF
THE SAME
KIND OF
ATOMS
O2
H2
N2
MOLECULE
=
MORE THAN 1 ATOM
ORGANELLE
CELL
COMPOUNDS
MADE UP OF
DIFFERENT
KIND OF
ATOMS
CO2
H2O
NaCl
LEVELS OF ORGANIZTION IN LIVING THINGS
ATOM
O2=
ELEMENT
MOLECULE
ORGANELLE
CELL
=NITROGEN, OXYGEN, ETC…
COMPOUND
=H2O
=NUCLEUS, CELL MEMBRANE
= BONE CELL, MUSCLE CELL
BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
=
FIRST THING THAT IS LIVING
TISSUE
=NERVE TISSUE, MUSCLE
TISSUE
ORGAN
=BRAIN, BICEP
ORGAN
SYSTEM
BACTERIA=
ORGANISM
=NERVOUS + MUSCLUAR
SYSTEM
=OAK TREE, HUMAN, WORM
Social Issues
4 MAJOR ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS FOUND
IN LIVING THINGS
Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
C+H+O+N+P
Elements
C+H+O
C+H+O
C+H+O+N
Functions
Energy and
Structure
Structure (membrane),
Energy, and
Messengers
Structure,
Membrane Pumps,
and Aid Reactions
Store Genetic
Information
Building
Blocks
Monosaccharides
Glycerol = H
and
Fatty Acid = T
Amino Acids
Nucleotides
Combined
BB
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Saturated Fats
and
Unsaturated Fats
Dipeptides
Polypeptides
RNA
DNA
Examples
Sugars
Skin
Muscles
Enzymes
Genes
Chromosomes
Fats, Waxes, Oils
Polymerization = Building Blocks or Monomers
or Sub-Units combine to form larger molecules
4 MAJOR ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS FOUND
IN LIVING THINGS
Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
C+H+O+N+P
Elements
C+H+O
C+H+O
C+H+O+N
Functions
Energy and
Structure
Structure (membrane),
Energy, and
Messengers
Structure,
Membrane Pumps,
and Aid Reactions
Store Genetic
Information
Building
Blocks
Monosaccharides
Glycerol = H
and
Fatty Acid = T
Amino Acids
Nucleotides
Combined
BB
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Saturated Fats
and
Unsaturated Fats
Dipeptides
Polypeptides
RNA
DNA
Examples
Sugars
Skin
Muscles
Enzymes
Genes
Chromosomes
Fats, Waxes, Oils
Polymerization = Building Blocks or Monomers
or Sub-Units combine to form larger molecules
COMPOUNDS
IN NATURE
ACIDS
BASES
GIVE OFF
HYDROGEN
IONS
(H+)
pH OF 0-6
GIVE OFF (OH)MOLECULES
(OH)pH OF 8-14
HCl
STRONG ACIDS/BASES ARE
HIGHLY REACTIVE
=
THEY CAN BREAK A VARIETY
OF CHEMICAL BONDS MAKING
THEM DANGEROUS TO LIVING TISSUE
INDICATORS REACT
NaOH
COMPOUNDS
IN NATURE
ACIDS
BASES
GIVE OFF
HYDROGEN
IONS
(H+)
pH OF 0-6
GIVE OFF (OH)MOLECULES
(OH)pH OF 8-14
HCl
STRONG ACIDS/BASES ARE
HIGHLY REACTIVE
=
THEY CAN BREAK A VARIETY
OF CHEMICAL BONDS MAKING
THEM DANGEROUS TO LIVING TISSUE
INDICATORS REACT
NaOH
CATALYST
=
~AIDS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS
+
~IS NOT CHANGED OR USED UP
CLEANERS
ENZYMES
FUEL
ADDITIVES
ENZYMES
=
BIOLOGICAL CATALYST
WORK BEST
UNDER
CERTAIN
CONDITIONS
MADE OF
PROTEIN
ACTS AS A
CATALYST
=
NOT CHANGED OR
USED UP
REDUCES
ACTIVATION
ENERGY
CONTAINS
ACTIVE SITE
REACTS WITH
SUBSTRATES
ATTACHES TO
ACTIVE SITE
~TEMPERATURE
~pH LEVEL
~ORGANIC/INORGANIC
ENZYMES
=
BIOLOGICAL CATALYST
WORK BEST
UNDER
CERTAIN
CONDITIONS
MADE OF
PROTEIN
ACTS AS A
CATALYST
=
NOT CHANGED OR
USED UP
REDUCES
ACTIVATION
ENERGY
CONTAINS
ACTIVE SITE
REACTS WITH
SUBSTRATES
ATTACHES TO
ACTIVE SITE
~TEMPERATURE
~pH LEVEL
~ORGANIC/INORGANIC
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y
x
y
x
z
Enzymes can increase the rate of reaction by
1010(1500 years = 5 seconds)
CHEMICAL REACTION
=
CHEMICAL CHANGE
REACTANTS
C6 H12 O6
C+6H 2 O
O2 +2H 2
2H2 O
6CO2 +6H 2 0
C6 H12 O6 +6O 2
2H2 O
O2 +2H 2
LIGHT
ENZYM ES
C6 H12 O6 +6O 2
6CO2 +6H 2 O
PRODUCTS
PHOTO SYNTHEISIS
=
SUNLIGHT CONVERTED TO FOOD
CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY
CHEMICAL ENGERGY(FOOD)
sun
6CO2 + 6H2Oenzymes C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 2ATP
LIGHT
REACTIONS
LIGHT
ABSORBED
WATER
SPLIT
O2
PRODUCED
DARK
REACTIONS
ATP
FORMED
DON’T
NEED
LIGHT
ELECTRONS
TRANSPORTED
PHOTOSYNTHESIS OCCUS
ONLY IN
AUTOTROPHS
OCCURS IN
CHOLOPLASTS
CO2
USED
GLUCOSE
FORMED
VITAL
COMPOUNDS
FORMED
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Reactants
Products
Energy Transfer
Sun
Producers
Primary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
Tertiary Consumers
Decomposers
*Only 10% of the energy in one level is
converted to biomass at the next level.
The rest of the energy (90%) is lost as
heat/waste.
Energy Pyramid
Pyramid of Numbers
1 snake
10 sparrows
100 caterpillars
1000 grass plants
CHEMICAL REACTION
=
CHEMICAL CHANGE
REACTANTS
C6 H12 O6
C+6H 2 O
O2 +2H 2
2H2 O
6CO2 +6H 2 0
C6 H12 O6 +6O 2
2H2 O
O2 +2H 2
LIGHT
ENZYM ES
C6 H12 O6 +6O 2
6CO2 +6H 2 O
PRODUCTS
CELLUAR RESPIRATION
FOOD
GLUCOSE + OXYGEN
C6H12O6+6O2
ENERGY TO BE USED
CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER+ ENERGY
ENZYMES
6CO2+6H2O+36ATPP
OCCURS IN
STEPS
GLYCOLYSIS
=
GLUCOSE
SPLITTING
AEROBIC
=
WITH OXYGEN
RESPIRATION
OCCURS IN
CYTOPLASM
ANAEROBIC
=
WITHOUT OXYGEN
OCCURS IN
MITOCHONDRIA
VERY EFFICIENT
38 ATP PER
LACTIC ACID
FERMENTATION
2 ATP PER
OCCURS IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
THE
CURTAIN
ALCOHOL
FERMENTATION
2 ATP PER
CHEMICAL REACTION
=
CHEMICAL CHANGE
REACTANTS
C6 H12 O6
C+6H 2 O
O2 +2H 2
2H2 O
6CO2 +6H 2 0
C6 H12 O6 +6O 2
2H2 O
O2 +2H 2
LIGHT
ENZYM ES
C6 H12 O6 +6O 2
6CO2 +6H 2 O
PRODUCTS
C6H12O6
CO2
O2
H20
ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H20 +36 ATP
Glucose
O2
ATP + P
Energy-requiring
processes
Respiration
ATP
H 2O
CO2
Charlie,
start here
Glucose
C
6
Glycolysis
2 pyruvic acid
C
3
Lactic acid
fermentation
Alcohol
fermentation
Acetic acid
C
2
Results in much more ATP formation
CO2
Krebs
cycle
CO2
e
½ O2
ADP + P
Electron transport
system
H 2O
ATP
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In one minute a working muscle cell uses 10,000,000 ATP molecules.
That is the cell's entire supply, so ADP must be recycled into ATP.
Produce 125lbs of ATP per day. Blue Whale makes 5 tons/day. Even
resting in bed, you use 20 kg of ATP every 24 hours!
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(Glucose)