Transcript How many of these 8 species have a common

• Similar traits often
indicates common
ancestry
• Phylogeny:
evolutionary histories
of a species
• Determined by
examining:
–
–
–
–
Fossils
Living specimens
Molecular data
Development
Fossil
Evidence
• Homologous structures: body parts that have a similar
structure, but different function
• Relationships identified among different species
• Fossils link past life to modern life
Anatomy shows nonrelationships also
• Comparing DNA, amino acids, chromosomes,
proteins
– Similarities and differences can be found
• DNA mutates at known rates
– Splits in evolution can be estimated
Chromosome order: Human, orangutan, gorilla, pygmy chimp
• Zygote divides by mitosis
(1  2  4  8)
• Blastula (ball of cells) forms
• Blastopore (small
indentation) begins to form
digestive system
• Blastopore develops into the
anus of some animals and
mouth of others
• Conclusion: Similar
development indicates
relationship
Which two organisms are more closely
related to one another?
In both humans
and starfish, the
blastopore
becomes our
anus….
In insects, the
blastopore
becomes their
mouth.
Phylogeny
• Defined: the evolutionary history of a species
• Cladograms used to show order in which species evolved from
their ancestor
• Evidence from morphology, biochemistry, fossils, embryology
are used to build cladograms
Very
broad
Less
broad
Less
broad
Less
broad
Very
specific
Texas
Dallas
USA
N. America
W. hemisphere
Rio de Janeiro
Dallas
Quebec
Las Vegas
Dallas
Quebec
Las Vegas
Dallas
Las Vegas
Canada
Las
Vegas
Quebec
S. America Rio de Janeiro
Earth
cities
France
Paris
E. hemisphere
Paris
Rome
Nevada
Italy
Rome
Choices:
Paris
Rio de Janeiro
Dallas
Quebec
Las Vegas
Rome
Texas
Dallas
USA
N. America
W. hemisphere
Rio de Janeiro
Dallas
Quebec
Las Vegas
Dallas
Quebec
Las Vegas
Dallas
Las Vegas
Canada
Nevada
Quebec
S. America
Earth
cities
France
E. hemisphere
Paris
Rome
Italy
What does Dallas and
Quebec have in common?
Earth cities,
W. Hemisphere,
N. America
Phylogeny
List the
characteristics
of a
salamander.
Jaws
Lungs
• Defined: the evolutionary history of a species
• Cladograms used to show order in which species evolved from
their ancestor
• Evidence from morphology, biochemistry, fossils, embryology
are used to build cladograms
Phylogeny
What does a
mouse and
lizard have in
common?
• Defined: the evolutionary history of a species
• Cladograms used to show order in which species evolved from
their ancestor
• Evidence from morphology, biochemistry, fossils, embryology
are used to build cladograms
1 minute:
Discuss
with your
neighbor
1) What does an amphibian & crocodile have in common?
Vertebrae, Bony skeleton, Four limbs
2) List the traits of a ray-finned fish.
Vertebrae, bony skeleton, does not have 4 limbs
These are the same
cladograms in two
different formats.
What does an
amphibian & rabbit
have in common?
1 2 3
How
many of
these 8
species
have
calcitic
sclerites?
4
5
6
7
1
How many of
these 8
species have
a common
coenchyme?
2
3
4
5
1
How many of
these 8
species have
eight fully
developed
mesenteries?
2
Review
1) What is morphology and
how can it be used to help
classify organisms?
2) What are homologous
structures and how is it
used to help classification?
3) How can molecular
evidence like DNA and
chromosomes be used to
classify life?
4) What does it mean if two
different organisms develop
along similar pattern?
Different patterns?
5) List the traits of birds.
6) What do birds and
prosimians have in
common?
7) Which trait separates
insects from the rest?