Transcript AP BIOLOGY Chapter 4 - Bremen High School District 228

AP BIOLOGY
Chapters 4 & 5
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http://www.yellowtang.org/images/macromolecules1_tb_784.jpg
1
• Identify the following functional groups
carbonyl
carboxyl
amino
Hydroxyl
(alcohol)
Images from: http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week2/2webimages/Groups_5.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate
sulfhydryl
phosphate
2
• Identify the kind of molecules
aldehyde
ketone
Images from: http://www.chemcases.com/nutra/nutra1b.htm
3
• Identify the asymmetric carbon in the
following molecule
B is asymmetric; it has 4 different
groups attached
Campbell and Reece 7th edition
4
• Identify the type of geometric
isomer
as TRANS or CIS
CIS
TRANS
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170950206002.png
5
a phosphate
• Cells store energy by adding
________________
group to ADP
• a) Adding a phosphate group to ADP
• b) Removing a phosphate group from ATP
Compounds containing carbon are called
___________
organic
6
• IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
IN THIS TRIPEPTIDE
phosphate
carbonyl
sulfhydryl
carboxyl
amino
carbonyl
hydroxyl
7
? Modified from Cambell and Reece; AP Biology 7th edition Chapter 4 Self quiz
• Carbon atoms are able to form bonds
4
with
• ___ different atoms at the same time.
The ionized form of an amino group has a
___ charge.
positive
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/biochemistry/ionized%20amino%20group.gif
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• Carbon is tetravalent. What does this
mean?
It can form 4 covalent bonds
9
• These are examples of which kind of
isomer you learned abouut?
geometric
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170950206002.png
10
• Molecules that are mirror images of
each other that differ in spatial
arrangement around an asymmetric
Enantiomers
(stereoisomers)
carbon
are called
________________
How are isomers are different from isotopes?
ISOMERS are molecules with the same
molecular formula but different structures
ISOTOPES are atoms with the same number
of protons but different numbers of neutrons
11
• Hydrocarbons contain manyNonpolar
_________
carbon-hydrogen bonds.
•
polar
nonpolar
The ionized form of a carboxyl group has a
___ charge.
negative
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/biochemistry/biochemi.htm
12
Chemical process that splits molecules
by the addition of water.
hydrolysis
http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm
13
• Chemical reaction in which two molecules
covalently bond to each other with the
removal of a water molecule
Condensation reaction
(Dehydration synthesis)
Name the four main classes of
biological macromolecules
Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
14
• The simplest sugars are called
•monosaccharides
________________
GLYCOGEN
_____________
is the highly branched
polysaccharide used by animal cells to
store glucose.
NONPOLAR molecules
Lipids are____________
polar nonpolar
15
Chemical process that splits molecules
by the addition of water.
hydrolysis
http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm
16
• Molecules made of two monosaccharides
• are calleddissaccharides
______________
The subunits joined to make proteins
amino acids
are _______________
The major polysaccharide component
found in plant cell walls is
_____________________
cellulose
17
• Use the correct numbering sequence to
identify the number of this carbon
6
5
4
1
3
2
18
• Carbohydrates made from joining many
sugar molecules together are called
polysaccharides
• ____________________
Glucose and fructose can be joined to make
dehydration synthesis
sucrose via a ___________________
reaction.
19
• The two interconvertible forms of
glucose differ in the placement of the
hydroxyl group attached to the #1
carbon.
• Label the two forms as α (alpha) or ß
(beta)
BETA
Hydroxyl is up
ALPHA
Hydroxyl is down
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images/543Halphabetaglucose.gif
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• Amylose and amylopectin are both forms
ofstarch
_____________
How are these different?
Amylose is unbranched and joined only
by α 1,4 linkages
Amylopectin is branched with 1,6 linkages
at the branch points
21
• How are starch and cellulose
different?
Starch is made up of glucose rings in the
α (alpha) form joined by 1,4 linkages;
helical; can be branched; humans can
digest this
Cellulose is made up of glucose rings in
the ß (beta) form so every other glucose
is upside down the respect to its
neighbors; joined with 1,4 linkages;
straight-never branched; hydrogen bonds
join parallel molecules into microfibrils;
humans can’t digest this
22
• A structural polysaccharide of plant cell
walls, consisting of glucose monomers
joined by β-1, 4-glycosidic linkages.
cellulose
Where is chitin found in nature?
Cell walls of fungi;
exoskeletons of arthropods
23
• Which type of bonds hold the parallel
cellulose strands together?
Hydrogen bonds hold about 80 cellulose
molecules together to make a microfibril
Image modified from: Campbell and Reece; AP Biology 7th edition
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Image modified from: http://www.yskf.jp/yskf_en/img_03/03_01.gif
• This subunit is
N-acetylglucosamine
_________________
(NAG)
It can be joined together in long chains by
chitin
ß 1,4 linkages to make _________
25
• Which kind of fatty acids have kinks in
their shape so that they don’t pack closely
together- saturated or unsaturated?
unsaturated
Another name for a triacylglycerol molecule
fat
26
• What kind of bond is a disulfide
bridge?
•
ionic
covalent
hydrogen
covalent
A fatty acid possessing one or more double
bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon
unsaturated
tail is called _______________
27
• Which type of bonds hold the parallel
cellulose strands together?
Hydrogen bonds
A fatty acid in which all carbons in the
hydrocarbon tail are connected by single
saturated
bonds is called _______________
28
• The subunit used to make starch,
glucoseis __________
cellulose, and glycogen
The sequence of aminoo acids in a protein
Primary 1 structure
is called the ________
29
• The polysaccharide made up of glucose
subunits with a nitrogen containing group
attached which is used to build the
exoskeletons of arthropods is called
chitin
_______________
A fat is made up of one ________
glycerol molecule
and three ___________
fatty acid
molecules.
30
• Amino acid molecules used by living things
L
are
• usually the ___ stereoisomer version.
•
L
or
D
The covalent bond
that joins sugar
molecules to make
a polysaccharide is
called a
glycosidic bond.
_________
31
• The alpha helix coiling and beta pleated
sheet shapes seen
in proteins is called
o
2
the Secondary
_____________
structure.
Which kinds of bond holds these together?
Hydrogen bonds between the C=O of
one amino acid and the N-H of another
32
• The addition of smaller similar subuints
to build a large repeating molecule is
called
polymerization
The subunits are called
monomers
___________
and the
molecule that is formed is
polymer
called a ______________
Image by K.Riedell
33
• Sugar molecules used by living things
D
are
• usually the ___ stereoisomer version.
•
L
or
D
The structural polysaccharide found
in plant cell walls that provides support
cellulose
is ____________
34
Chaparonins
• _____________
are molecules that
help proteins fold up into their correct
3D
• shape by shielding them from the
cytoplasmic environment.
Image from: AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reese 7th ed.
35
• Sugars with 6 carbons are called
• hexoses
_______________
Sucrose is made by joining which 2 sugars?
Glucose + fructose = sucrose
36
• Sugars made from 2 sugar monomers
are calleddisaccharides
__________________
Name one of the polysaccharides
you learned about.
Glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin
37
The kind of covalent bond that joins
amino acids together is called
peptide bond
a _________
http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg
38
• Unsaturated fats and fatty acids are
liquid
_________
at room temperature.
•
solid
liquid
39
http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cm1503/lipids.htm
• The folding of a protein molecule into
its 3D shape due to the interactions of
R side chains involved hydrophobic
interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen
bonds, an disulfide
bridges
result
in
its
o
Tertiary 3
___________
structure.
40
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/fatyacid.jpg
• Tell the kind of
macromolecule you learned
about that could be built
from these subunits
Fat (triacylglycerol)
41
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/chemfat.html
• This isomer of glucose
• in which the -OH on C1
hangs down below the
plane of the ring is called
• _____ glucose
α
Name a polysaccharide that this form of
glucose could be used to make
Starch (amylose or amylopectin) or glycogen
42
• The association of multiple protein
o
Quaternary 4
chains
together results in its _____________
http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/hemoglobin.jpg
43
• Saturated fats and fatty acids are
solid
_________
at room temperature.
•
solid
liquid
http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cm1503/lipids.htm
44
• This isomer of glucose
• in which the -OH on C1
sticks up above the plane
of the ring is called
• _____ glucose
ß
Name a polysaccharide that this form of
glucose could be used to make
Cellulose or chitin (if nitrogen group added)
45
• Name this type of
• Lipid
characterized
• by a carbon
skeleton
• consisting of 4
rings
steroids
• with
various
• functional groups
46
• Sugar molecules with 6 carbons are
called hexoses
________
Which nitrogen base is not found in RNA?
thymine
47
•
•
•
•
Name this steroid
from which other
steroids including
human sex
hormones
• are synthesized.
cholesterol
Which part of a phospholipid is polar?
Glycerol-phosphate head
48
http://z.hubpages.com/u/105829_f520.jpg
A diet high in
saturated
____________
fats is one of
the factors that
can contribute
to cardiovascular
disease.
• saturated unsaturated
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• CONTRAST: GLYCOGEN and STARCH
Differences:
Glycogen
Starch
Highly branched
amylose (unbranched)
amylopectin
(less branched than glycogen)
Made by animals
made by plants
α 1,4 & 1,6
50
• Which part of a phospholipid molecule is
non-polar?
Fatty acid tails
ENZYMES are proteins that act
__________
as catalysts to speed up
chemical reactions in living things
51
• How many fatty acid tails are found in a
phospholipid? 2
Fatty acid molecules consist of long
hydrocarbon chains with which functional
group attached at one end?
carboxyl
52
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/fatyacid.jpg
• COMPARE GLYCOGEN and STARCH
Alike:
Made of α –glucose subunits
α 1,4 linkages
1,6 linkages @ branch points
Glycosidic bonds
Glucose polymers
Ways to store glucose
Digestible by humans
53
• Which of the four biomolecule groups you
learned is hydrophobic?
lipids
Another name for a fat is
triacylglycerol
____________________
54
• Which of these structures would NOT
• be found in a DNA molecule?
A (ribose)
and D (uracil)
Image from LearningExpress.com
55
• Dehydration synthesis is also called
•condensation
____________ reaction.
Which nitrogen base is not found in DNA?
uracil
56
• The addition of a phosphate group to
stores
ADP
• ____________ energy.
•
stores
releases
Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry
carbon
that studies molecules that contain _______
57
• The removal of a phosphate group from
releases
ATP to form ADP____________
energy.
•
stores
releases
TRUE or FALSE
L and D stereoisomers have the same
chemical properties because they contain
the same number and kinds of atoms
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TRUE or FALSE
L and D stereoisomers have the same
chemical properties because they contain
the same number and kinds of atoms
FALSE
L and D enantiomers can have very different
chemical properties.
Ex: L-Dopa is a drug used to treat Parkinson’s disease, but D-Dopa has
no effect on patients.
Thalidomide- one enantiomer of used to treat morning
sickness; other form caused birth defects
59
• Name the structural polysaccharide
found in the cell walls of plants that
provides support
cellulose
Polymers of amino acids are called
polypeptides
______________
60
• Chemical bond in which atoms share
• 2 pairs of electrons
Covalent double bond
• List some functions of fat
Energy storage
(1 g of fat has more than twice as much energy as
1 g of polysaccharide)
Cushions vital organs
Insulates body against heat loss (blubber)
61
• List some functions of nucleic acids
Store genetic information
Protein synthesis
Nucleotide subunits:
ATP: store and transport energy
NAD+
NADP+
FAD
Coenzyme A
energy/electron carriers
62
• Which form of glucose is used to build
cellulose molecules?
ß-glucose
The “kinks” in fatty acids are due to
cis-double bonds
_____________________
63
• Which chemical reaction joins glycerol
and fatty acids to make a fat?
Dehydration synthesis or condensation
The place on an enzyme where the
substrate attaches is called the
Active site
_______________
64
• The reactant in an enzyme catalyzed
substrate
reaction is called a _____________
Name the amino acid that can form
disulfide bridges
Cysteine
65
• Which functional group is responsible
for the formation of disulfide bridges?
-SH sulfhydryl
The unwinding and loss of conformation
denaturing
in proteins is called _____________
66
• Which is the only amino acid without an
asymmetric carbon?
GLYCINE
It has an –H
for its R group
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Glycine2.png
67
• Name an environmental factor that can
cause proteins to denature
pH extremes
Salt concentration
Temperature (heat)
TRUE or FALSE
Denaturing in proteins is due to the
disruption of peptide bonds
False; 1° remains intact but hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and
disulfide bridges in 2° & 3°are disrupted
68
• Which amino acid is involved in making disulfide
bridges to form the tertiary structure of
proteins?
•
cysteine
-SH (sulfhydryl) group forms disulfide bridges
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/L-Cysteine.png
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http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Disulfide_bridge.htm
• COMPARE and CONTRAST:
• DNA
RNA
Double stranded
Contain A, T, C, G
No uracil
Deoxyribose
Store genetic info
Single stranded
Contain A, U, C, G
No thymine
Ribose
Carry info from DNA to cell
Protein synthesis
BOTH:
Nucleic acids, made of nucleotide subunits, are polymers,
Information molecules, joined using dehydration synthesis,
Contain pentose sugars and nitrogen bases,
have phosphate-sugar backbones,
70
• Nitrogenous bases consisting of 2 rings
purines
are called _______________
The two sugar-phosphate backbones in
a DNA molecule run in opposite directions,
an arrangement referred to as
antiparallel
___________________
71
• Nitrogenous bases consisting of 1 ring
pyrimidines
are called _______________
Name the subunit used to build nucleic
acids which consists of a pentose sugar,
nitrogen base, and a phosphate group.
nucleotide
72
The nitrogen bases that join by
hydrogen bonds to form the stair steps
of the DNA ladder always pair up so that
a pyrimidine-a purine match up with each
_________________
other.
two purines
two pyrimidines
a pyrimidine-a purine
73
• Give an example of a pyrimidine
Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Uracil (U)
In a DNA molecule guanine always pairs up
cytosine
with _____________
74
• Which of these structures would NOT
• be found in an RNA molecule?
C (deoxyribose)
and F (thymine)
Image from LearningExpress.com
75
• Carbohydrates that contain 5 carbon
trioses
atoms are called _____________
Which carbon is important in determining
whether a glucose molecule is in the
α or ß form?
C1
76
• In a DNA molecule adenine always pairs
• withthymine
_____________
A pentose sugar with only the nitrogen base
nucleoside
attached is called a _____________
77
• Molecules with both polar and nonpolar
amphipathic
parts are called _______________
Molecules containing only hydrogen and
hydrocarbons
carbon are called ________________
78
• Compare and contrast phospholipids and
triglycerides (fat)
• BOTH
Glycerol backbone
Multiple phobic fatty acid chains attached
By ester linkages
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS
TRIGLYCERIDES
2 fatty acid chains
3 fatty acid chains
phosphate group
nonpolar
Amphipathic
(polar head; nonpolar tails)
79
• Which two amino acids contain SULFUR ?
Cysteine
methionine
Look at these structures. Why can’t methionine form
disulfide bridges?
No –SH group; it’s got a methyl group
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/L-Cysteine.png
80
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/L-Methionine.png
• Tell the central dogma of molecular
biology
• that describes how information flows
• in eukaryotic cells
DNA →RNA → proteins
Write the chemical formula for a
monosaccharide with 3 carbons
C3H6O3
81
• What disaccharide does it make?
• Glucose + glucose =maltose
______________
sucrose
• Glucose + fructose = ____________
lactose
• Glucose + galactose = ______________
82
http://altopower.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/sugar.jpg
• Table sugar is called
sucrose
____________
Which parts of a nucleotide form the
backbone of a nucleic acid?
Sugar and phosphate
83
• Put the following in order from least to
most branched…
•
• Glycogen
amylose
amylopectin
amylose
amylopectin glycogen
84
Saturated
• ___________ fats are more common
in
• animals than plants.
TRUE or FALSE
Amino acids be enantiomers
True; the center carbon is attached to 4
different groups; there are D and L forms
of all amino acids except glycine
85
https://sharepoint.cisat.jmu.edu/isat/klevicca/Web/NMR_2002/glycine/Glycine2.gif
• Name the only amino acid of the 20
amino acids used to make proteins that
doesn’t have a stereoisomer
(enantiomer) GLYCINE
It does NOT
have a chiral
carbon; it does
not have 4
different groups
attached
86
•
•
•
•
•
Amylase is an enzyme that can break
glyosidic linkages between α-glucose monomers.
Which of the following could amylase
break down?
cellulose
glycogen
amylopectin
starch
chitin
Glycogen, amylopectin, starch
? From AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reese 7th edition Chapter 5 self quiz
87