Transcript Chapter 2: Chemical Principles

CHAPTER 2: THE MOLECULES of LIFE
The Study of Interactions between Atoms and Molecules
Atoms are composed of:
• _______: negatively charged particles
• _______: positively charged particles
• _______: uncharged particles
Move around
the nucleus
In the
nucleus
______________________
Table 2.1
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
The forces holding atoms in a
compound are ___________.
• Chemical reactions - the making or
breaking of _______ between atoms.
• A change in chemical energy occurs
during a chemical reaction.
• _____gonic reactions: _____ energy.
• Exergonic reactions: ________
energy.
_____________ REACTIONS
• __________ - atoms, ions, or molecules
combine to form new, larger molecules
A
Atom, ion,
or molecule A
+
B
Atom, ion,
or molecule B

AB
New molecule
AB
Ex.: glucose + fructose → sucrose
• _________ - synthesis of molecules in a cell.
____________ REACTIONS
• __________ - when a molecule is split into
smaller molecules, ions, or atoms.
Breaks
down into

AB
New molecule
AB
A
Atom, ion,
or molecule A
+
B
Atom, ion,
or molecule B
Ex.: sucrose → glucose + fructose
• ______ - the decomposition reactions in a cell.
Enzymes
Biological _________
• _________ - chemicals that increase the _____ of
chemical reactions in organisms.
Different Types of COMPOUNDS
• _____________
• small, ionically bonded
molecules that generally
lack ______________
• Important Inorganic
Compounds:
• Water
• Acids
• ___________
• large, covalently bonded
molecules that always
contain
__________________
• Small organic molecules
(monomers) combine to
form large macromolecules
• Important Organic
Compounds:
• Bases
• Carbohydrates
• Salts
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
Inorganic Compounds: ________
IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF
__________:
• ________ molecule
• Uneven distribution of charge
• ____________
• Substance in which a solute
can dissolve to form a
solution
• Temperature _________
• ________ changes in
temperature
• Reactant
• In decomposition reactions
of digestion
ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS - INORGANIC
ACID - a substance
that dissociates into
one or more ____.
HCl  H++Cl
BASE - a substance
that dissociates into one
or more ____.
NaOH  Na+ + OH-
SALT - a substance that
dissociates into cations
and anions, _____ of
which is H+ or OH.
NaCl  Na+ + Figure
Cl 2.6
Organic Compounds: ____________
• FUNCTION
• Provide
_________________
• Provide structural
support in plant cell
walls
• STRUCTURE
• Molecules made of C,
H + O in a 1:2:1 ratio
• FORMULA : CH2O
Organic Compounds: CARBOHYDRATES
• Types
• _____SACCHARIDES
• Simple sugars
• _____ carbon atoms
• Ex.: Glucose
• ____SACCHARIDES
• Two simple sugars joined
together; Ex.: sucrose
• ________SACCHARIDES
• Polymers made of 100s of monosaccharide
subunits
• Ex.: starch, glycogen, cellulose
Organic Compounds: __saccharides
• Disaccharides are formed when two
monosaccharides are joined in a
_____________ or condensation reactions.
• Disaccharides can be broken down into
monosaccharides by ____________.
Figure 2.8
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: ____SACCHARIDES
• ________:
• Made of branch chains of
glucose
• Energy storage in plants
• Food reservoirs in seeds
and bulbs
• ________:
• Branched glucose polymers
• Storage form of energy in liver
• ___________:
• Glucose polymer
• Cell walls of plants
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: _______
• PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS
• Primary components of cell
membranes.
• Consist of C, H, and O.
• _______ and insoluble
in water.
• Subunits:
• __________
• __________
Phospholipid –
complex lipid
____________
Large molecule containing C, H, O and N
(sometimes S)
FUNCTIONAL TYPES:
• ___________-essential in cell structure
• Flagella are made of proteins
• Some bacterial toxins are proteins
• _____________ - move chemicals across
membranes
• _________ – proteins that speed chemical
reactions
______________
• Consist of subunits called ___________.
Amino Group
Carboxyll Group
Peptide bonds between amino acids are
formed by _____________________.
Figure 2.14
Nucleic Acids ex. DNA, RNA, ATP
Building blocks of Nucleic Acids are
_____________
• _____________ consist of:
• ___________ (5 carbon sugar)
• __________ group
• Nitrogen-containing _____(purine or pyrimidine)
Figure 2.16
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
• Contains
__________ribose
(sugar)
• Exists as a double
_______
• A hydrogen bonds
with T
• C hydrogen bonds
with G
Figure 2.16
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
• __________ (sugar)
• __________
• A hydrogen bonds
with U (U replaces T
in RNA)
• C hydrogen bonds
with G
Figure 2.17
___________
Provides _________________
SUBUNITS:
• Ribose
• Adenine
• 3 phosphate groups
Made by ___________ synthesis.
Broken down by hydrolysis to liberate useful
energy for the cell.
i
Figure 2.18